References	Regions/ Countries	Service collaborators	Telemedicine service	Telemedicine systems
	CSSS
Mbarika [21]; Kifle et al. [22]; Lemma et al. [23]; Kifle et al. [17]; Shiferaw and Zolfo [24]; Hailemariam et al. [18]; Abera et al. [25]; Medhanyie et al. [19]; Xue et al. [26];Shiferaw et al. [27]; Weldegebrial and Berhie [28]	Ethiopia	HealthNet telemedicine project, Addis Ababa University (AAU), British Council Telecenter, the International Telecommunication Union, WHO, ORBIS Ministry of Health, ETC, UNECA, UNESCO, United Naions Economic Commission for Africa, infoDev	Tele education, tele dermatology, telepathology, teleradiology, tele ophthalmology, telecardiology, e-maternal health care;	Dial up internet connection, LAN; Personal computer, digital cameras, telemedicine software; Store-and-forward; WDS technologies from Switzerland; remote patient monitoring
Colt, et al. [29]; Bagayokoa, et al. [30]	Mauritania	Pilot project with the World Bronschology Foundation and Nauadhibou Regional Hospital	Tele education, Teleradiology Continuing medical education,	Web-based instruction
	ECOWAS
Mbarika [21]; Adebola and Lawson [31]; Mars [32]; Godstime et al. [33]; Olayiwola, et al. [34]	Nigeria	HealthNet telemedicine project; Society for Telemedicine and e-Health in Nigeria (SFTeHIN), WHO Telemedicine centres, Norway Telemedicine centre, National Information Technology Development Agency, Pan African e-Network clinical telemedicine project, Ibadan Super Specialty hospital, California Hospital, USA Siloan Medical Centre in partnership with RubiconMD USA	Medical alerts, Tele education, Teleconsultation, teleophthalmology, tele dermatology, tele-ear, nose and throat, teleconsultation	Video conferencing, Image & illumination system, cameras, electronic stethoscope
Mbarika [21]; Kennedy et al. [35]; Luk et al. [36]; Mars [32]; Yusif and Jeffrey [37]; Nyame-Asiamah [38]; Tchao et al. [39](2019); https://www.novartisfoundation.org/our-work/reimagining-healthcare-through-digital-technology/ghana-telemedicine; https://allafrica.com/stories/202004300181.html; https://www.voanews.com/COVID-19-pandemic/COVID-19-drives-health-care-tech-innovation-ghana	Ghana	HealthNet telemdicine project, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Geneva, Korle Bu hospital (Ghana) and Moorfields eye hospital London, Ghana Consultation Network and US, MedicareLine (Ghana), Pan African e-Network clinical telemedicine project, Novartis Foundation, Millenium Promise Alliance, Earth Institute, Columbia University, St. Martin’s Hospital, MedGate, Ericsson and Airtel, Sandford US based (2012), Family health hospital in collaboration with Family Health Group Apollo Hospital (India), eNetwork, Zipline drone-delivery, health care tech company Redbird (rapid testing), Talamus Health Ghana company	Research, surveillance, Teleophthalmology, Continuous education, e-consultation, Telemedicine education, teleradiology, tele dermatology, COVID-19 testing, COVID-19 healthcare (diagnose, monitor infections)	Web-based telemedicine application, asynchronously synchronized, Video, store-and-forward conferencing Mobile application, video appointment
Caumes et al. [40]; Jacq et al. [41]; Diallo et al. [42]; Arnaert et al. [43]	Burkina Faso	Physicians in Burkina Faso and France (Clermont-Ferrand), Developed by Davycas International and Financed by the MenAfriNet Consortium, BELT framework, funded through Grand Challenges Canada	Tele dermatology, teleconsulting, tele education, Diabetic retinopathy, Tele-surveillance, Antenatal healthcare, Nationwide cloud-based meningitis surveillance and specimen tracking system (STELAB) for real-time data reporting	point-and-shoot digital camera equipped with a Carl Zeiss Vario Sonnar lens and a flash, Grid technologies Healthgrid (stores data of medical interest for easy access in healthcare), Barcodes for tracking, online-offline application, cloud-based telemonitoring platform (used to monitor for red flags by midwives)
Mbarika [21]; Kennedy, et al. [35]; http://origin.who.int/goe/publications/atlas/2015/gmb.pdf; http://www.aiu.edu.gm/aiu_telemedicine.html	Gambia	HealthNet telemedicine project, Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital (Gambia) with Moorfields eye hospital London, AIUWA (American International University West Africa) Telemedicine centre, partners African Union, Government of The Gambia and Pan African eNetwork project (India)	Teleophthalmology, Teleradiology, tele dermatology, telepathology, Tele education	Web-based telemedicine application
Mbarika and Okoli [44]; Geissbuhler et al. [45]	Senegal	SONATEL (telecommunication operator in Senegal), Lille Regional University hospital and the European Institute of Telemedicine in Toulouse partnership	In-service distance education for healthcare workers, Tele-cardiology and tele-neurology, tele-echography	Teleconferencing, store-and-forward method of information transmission, ISDN-based Visio conference
Geissbuhler et al. [45]; Mars [32]; Bagayokoa et al. [30]; Sangare et al. (2015)	Mali	National Telemedicine Project in Mali partnership with Mali University Medical School and Geneva University Hospital. First telemedicine pilot project by Malian Network of Information and Communication, funded by State of Geneva, RAFT (Network in French speaking Africa for Telemedicine)	Teleconsultations and distance education, Teleradiology Continuing medical education	IKON hardware and software X-ray and mammogram images, IKON platform
	CAC
Katzenstein et al. [46]; Kingue et al. [47]; https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/Regional-Sections/Sub-Saharan-Africa/Telemedicine-in-Douala-Cameroon-.htm; https://www.idgconnect.com/idgconnect/interviews/1028321/cameroon-telemedicine-approach-wound-management	Cameroon	Movement Disorder Society Telemedicine taskforce and Hospital Laquintinie in Douala Labotel (NGO), telemedicine association of Cameroon and Ministry of Public Health, digitalMedLab (Zurich), Switzerland by Cameroonian physician (Dr. Patricia Sigam) and Australian developer, Telemed-cam project partnered by Telemedicine centre at Yoounde General Hospital and rural health centres	Tele education, Maternal health; Wound management; Telecardiology	WoundDesk Mobile app Telemedcam mobile app, real-time and asynchronous interaction
	EAC			X-ray and mammogram images, IKON platform
Mbarika and Okoli [44]; Qin et al. [48]; Ferrari et al. [49]; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1492060/pdf/cmaj00136-0088.pdf; https://www.scidev.net/sub-saharan-africa/medicine/news/kenya-launches-telemedicine-initiative-poor.html?; https://www.axisimagingnews.com/news/kenya-opens-first-telemedicine-center-for-COVID-19-detection	Kenya	International Satellite Organisation and Project SHARE. St. John’s (Canada) medical facility and Nairobi medical faculties, Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), AMPATH-Oncology with North America, Mashavu Telemedicine system, National telemedicine project, Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya Ministry of Health and Merck Group Germany, Telemedicine technology center for corona detection	Tele-ECG, Enhanced medical education, Tele education, Tele oncology, Teleconsultation, telediagnosis, tele detection	Video conferencing, VIA (Visual inspection with acetic acid, store-and-forward system,
Mbarika and Okoli [44]; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1492060/pdf/cmaj00136-0088.pdf	Uganda	International Satellite Organisation and Project SHARE, St. John’s (Canada) medical facility and Uganda, The Child and Maternal Health Program (Uganda), Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), Pan African e-Network clinical telemedicine continuing telemedicine project and Makerere University, Ugandan hospitals and St Raphael Hospital in Millan, Italy Hospitals in Kampala. Launch of Coolscope at Mulago Hospital Ugandan health services in rural centres and referral Hospitals	Tele-ECG, Teleeducation Teleconsulting, Telepathology,
https://allafrica.com/stories/201905130465.html	Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe Telemedicine Network		Videoconferencing, store-and-forward
Kennedy et al. [35]; Katzenstein et al. [46]; Krüger and Niemi [50]; Balogun et al. [51];	Tanzania	CCBRT Disability hospital (Tanzania) with Moorfields eye hospital London, Mission Mikocheni Hospital (Tanzania), HealthSpan International foundation (USA), Tanzanian Telemedicine Network with open-source software iPath Pilot project by World Aid Exchange (WaidX) and Radiation Department of National Center of Oncology, Yerevan, Armenia	Teleophtalmology, Maternal and child health, Telepaediatric, Teleoncology,	Web-based telemedicine application mobile clinic network Store-and-forward via Videoconferencing
Nchise et al. [52]; Murererehe et al. [53]; Kabeza et al. [54]; https://spidercenter.org/files/2017/07/Report-Telehealth-Rwanda-100710-Web.pdf; https://allafrica.com/stories/202005140352.html	Rwanda	National Telemedicine project and Rwanda Ministry of Health, Ministry of IT Authority and Partners from Belgian Technology operation, Pan-African E-network, SMART Rwanda master plan, eC3-electro cervical cancer control program, Kigali Hospital, Rwanda’s vision 2020 agenda, Open Medical Record System (OpenMRS), TRACnet and TRACPlus and HMIS health intervention projects, First Rwanda diabetes self-management application (Kir’App), CRUZR robots, manufactured by Kigali-based Belgian robotic tech firm (Zorabots), Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Rwanda Information Society Authority and Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority	Telemedical training, Teleconsulting and telediagnosis, Tele dentistry, Diabetes self-management, Tele-robotic for COVID-19 treatment	video conferencing facilities, PAN-African e-network satellite, LMS, Humanoid robots with video conferencing capacity to connect to doctor, ‘Kir’App’ via smartphone
Bholah and Beharee [55]; Beebeejaun and Chittoo [56]; Ratna et al. [57]; https://mauritiusclinics.com/en/our-services/our-medical-services/medical-services/telemedicine	Mauritius	The SAFE project, Clinique du Nord with Manipal Hospital in India; e-Health start-up project in collaboration with the Mauritius Research Council and State Informatics Limited, Appollo Bramwell Hospital	Tele cardiography and teleradiology; Teleconsultation, Robotic Assisted Surgery services, telediagnosis	Electronic Medical Record application, “Da Vinci System” features magnified 3D high-definition vision system
Mbarika and Okoli [44]; Mbarika [21]; Geissbuhler et al. [45]; Colt et al. [29],	Mozambique	University hospital of Geneva, The Telecommunications Development Bureau of the International Telecommunications Union, Central hospitals of Beira and Maputo, SATELLIFE, A demonstration project between (FISSA) Dakar and Mozambique, Pilot project on bronschoscopy training with grant from the World Bronschology Foundation and Maputo Central Hospital	Teleradiology Teleeducation	Digital microwave transmission, terrestrial satellite telecommunication systems, WDS Technology, standard low-cost teleradiology equipment, ISDN-based Visio conferencing, Web-based instruction
	SADC		Teleradiology Tele education
Gulube and Wynchank [58]; Fortuin and Molefi [12]; Mars [59]; Kennedy et al. [35]; Mars [32]; Colven et al. [60]; Webster [7]; http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/telemedicine1.pdf; http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/telemedicine1.pdf; https://www.hoganlovells.com/en/publications/the-regulation-of-telemedicine-in-south-africa	South Africa	National Telemedicine system (launched pilot project phase I, Mindset Health channel with National Department of Health, Mindset and Sentech, the Medical Research Council of South Africa, PHASE II – effective telemedicine connection, PHASE III additional and affordable telemedicine healthcare (Transfer from pilot stage to clinical and operational stage), Groote Schuur Hospital (Cape Town,SA) in partnership with Moorfields eye hospital London	Teleradiology, tele-ultrasound (antenatal services), telepathology and teleophthalmology, tele dermatology, programme in medical education	ISDN at 256 kbit/s, Store-and-forward, satellite, computer, television screen, Web-based telemedicine application, Video conferencing, CT scanners, store-and-forward technology
Littman-Quinn et al. [61]; Armstrong et al. [62]; Chang et al. [63]; Munyoka [64]; Chavez et al. [65]; Chandar et al. [66]; https://www.odess.io/files/documents/enquetes/CR_ODESS2017-Peek_English.pdf	Botswana	Botswana-UPenn Partnership, The Ministry of Health of Botswana, Clinton Health Access Initiative, University of Botswana, the National Library of Medicine, Positive Innovation for the Next Generation (PING), Hewlett-Parkard, Orange Foundation and Mascom Wireess, University of Botswana School of Medicine (SOM) and Resident Physicians (remote areas), Pan African Network Tele-education projecct to support distance education, Television White-Space pilot project (Project Kgolagano), Innovation Hub Microsoft, Vista Life Sciences, Global Broadband Solution, Standard Chartered Bank, Rugers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey (R-CINJ) fellowship program, partnerships with Rutgers Global Health and University of Botswana	Oral telemedicine, Teledermatology, teleradiology, Teleducation, Teleconsultation, cervical and family medicine, Teleophthamology, Teleoncology training	mobile technology, Android-based myTouch 3G smartphone equipped with data-enabled subscriber identity module and built-in camera, e-mails/Web access, Tele-education Learning Management System (IP-based and VSAT networks), TV White Space technology, Potable Eye Examination Kit (Peek vision technology)
Dinis et al. [67]; Bediang et al. [68]; Zennaro et al. [69]; Correia et al. [70]	Angola	PEDITEL project, Europe-Africa Telemedicine network, collaboration between hospitals in Angola and Portugal, Angola Telecom, Multitel, Unitel RAFT project Hospital Divina Providencia and IRCCS Burlo project Angolan National Telemedicine Network in partnership with the Geneva University Hospital and Portuguese Institute of hygience and Tropical Medicine, RAFT network	Telepediatric, teleconsultation, tele-training Teleducation Teleradiology	videoconferencing, real-time teleconsulting, ISDN lines Video-lecture with Dudal, virtual internet patient simulators (VIPS) X-ray photosensitive screens