. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2020 Dec 10;160(5):1725–1740.e2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.008

Table 1.

Hepatic Metabolite Levels in Fragments of Normal Liver Tissue (Control), AC, or AH

Biochemical	Control (n = 14)	AC (n = 6)	AH (n = lO)
Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis
Glucose	1.22 ± 0.14	1.11 ± 0.15	0.61 ± 0.lQ^a,b
G6P	0.84 ± 0.12	0.73 ± 0.24^a	l.73 ± 0.27^a,b
Fructose 6-phosphate	1.07 ± 0.20	0.86 ± 0.14	1.35 ± 0.34
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate/glucose 1,6-diphosphate	0.66 ± 0.14	l.35 ± 0.25^a	l.15 ± 0.53^a
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)	1.05 ± 0.16	1.09 ± 0.19	0.98 ± 0.12
3-Phosphoglycerate	1.71 ± 0.24	1.34 ± 0.19	0.79 ± 0.05^a,b
Glycerate	1.36 ± 0.16	1.01 ± 0.17	1.34 ± 0.15
PEP	1.53 ± 0.18	1.43 ± 0.17	0.82 ± 0.06^a,b
Pyruvate	0.90 ± 0.14	1.25 ± 0.39	l.91 ± 0.32^a
Lactate	0.90 ± 0.05	0.99 ± 0.03	l.06 ± 0.04^a
1,5-Anhydroglucito	1.42 ± 0.19	0.98 ± 0.18	0.89 ± 0.16^a
Glycogenesis
UDP-glucose	2.78 ± 0.92	0.92 ± 0.23	0.58 ± 0.lP
TCA cycle
Citrate	0.70 ± 0.07	l.62 ± 0.35^a	1.21 ± 0.15^a
Aconitate (cis or trans)	0.32 ± 0.03	0.76 ± 0.11^a	l.22 ± 0.23^a
Alpha-ketoglutarate	1.36 ± 0.34	1.44 ± 0.56	1.81 ± 0.29
Succinylcarnitine (C4-DC)	3.34 ± 0.54	l.48±0.6P	0.59 ± 0.18^a,b
Succinate	5.04 ± 1.78	2.63 ± 1.97^a	l.41 ± 0.37^a
Fumarate	1.14 ± 0.06	1.11 ± 0.11^a	0.82 ± 0.06^a,b
Malate	1.10 ± 0.05	1.02 ± 0.10^a	0.84 ± 0.05^a,b
Tricarballylate	3.95 ± 1.01	0.60 ± 0.08^a	l.01 ± 0.32^a
2-Methylcitrate/homocitrate	1.17 ± 0.09	0.52 ± 0.19^a	l.30 ± 0.27^b
Monosaccharide and disaccharide
Mannitol/sorbitol	0.84 ± 0.14	l.33 ± 0.24^a	l.19 ± 0.15^a
Fructose	0.99 ± 0.15	1.01 ± 0.13	1.06 ± 0.06
Galactose 1-phosphate	0.35 ± 0.07	0.87 ± 0.21^a	l.45 ± 0.20^a
Galactonate	1.29 ± 0.20	1.19 ± 0.22	1.11 ± 0.22
Mannose	1.42 ± 0.18	1.15 ± 0.17	0.79 ± 0.08^a,b
2-ketoguIonate	1.03 ± 0.26	ND	ND
Cofactors
NAD⁺	2.17 ± 0.43	0.89 ± 0.15^a	0.37 ± 0.07^a,b
NADH	1.64 ± 0.76	0.43 ± 0.02^a	0.41 ± 0.0l^a
NAD⁺/NADH	2.29 ± 0.27	2.06 ± 0.36	0.91 ± 0.18^a,b
Adenosine 5′-monophosphate	1.95 ± 0.29	0.95 ± 0.18^a	0.61 ± 0.11^a
Adenosine 5′-diphosphate	0.71 ± 0.09	0.96 ± 0.24	0.74 ± 0.13

NOTE. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean.

P < .05 compared to control.

P < .05 compared to AC.