Table 4. Multinomial Logistic Regression.
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Remittent | Incident | Persistent | |
| Depression | |||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Female | 1.58 (0.98-2.56) | 1.08 (0.53-2.21) | 3.69 (1.54-8.82) |
| Agea | 1.22 (1.02-1.45) | 0.99 (0.74-1.33) | 1.07 (0.84-1.36) |
| Frontline status historyb | |||
| At T1 only | 1.74 (1.10-2.76) | 1.38 (0.60-3.19) | 1.97 (0.98-3.96) |
| At T2 only | 0.83 (0.42-1.64) | 1.52 (0.58-3.96) | 2.43 (1.07-5.52) |
| At T1 and T2 | 1.00 (0.65-1.55) | 1.37 (0.68-2.77) | 2.18 (1.17-4.04) |
| Occupationc | |||
| Nurse | 1.53 (0.96-2.43) | 1.28 (0.59-2.77) | 1.28 (0.70-2.34) |
| Physician | 1.07 (0.64-1.77) | 1.12 (0.49-2.55) | 0.61 (0.29-1.29) |
| General practitioner | 2.30 (0.73-7.28) | 1.66 (0.31-8.94) | 2.40 (0.64-8.96) |
| Health care assistant | 1.59 (0.85-2.97) | 1.77 (0.64-4.87) | 0.93 (0.38-2.30) |
| Pandemic-related variables | |||
| Has had COVID-19 | 0.88 (0.56-1.37) | 0.57 (0.24-1.32) | 1.70 (1.01-2.86) |
| Colleagues infected, hospitalized, or deceased | 0.84 (0.54-1.30) | 1.15 (0.52-2.51) | 1.21 (0.61-2.38) |
| Family infected, hospitalized, or deceased | 1.21 (0.85-1.71) | 0.72 (0.40-1.29) | 1.24 (0.78-1.99) |
| Mental health history | |||
| Psychiatric treatment | |||
| During pandemic | 1.38 (0.91-2.09) | 1.98 (1.08-3.65) | 1.70 (1.01-2.88) |
| Before pandemic | 1.07 (0.73-1.58) | 2.30 (1.27-4.16) | 1.65 (1.00-2.72) |
| Anxiety | |||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Female | 0.96 (0.61-1.51) | 1.70 (0.64-4.54) | 6.50 (1.55-27.26) |
| Agea | 1.28 (1.06-1.54) | 0.95 (0.68-1.32) | 1.29 (0.97-1.72) |
| Frontline statusb | |||
| At T1 only | 1.28 (0.77-2.12) | 1.14 (0.47-2.80) | 1.63 (0.77-3.45) |
| At T2 only | 1.38 (0.75-2.54) | 1.72 (0.61-4.82) | 0.47 (0.10-2.12) |
| At T1 and T2 | 0.87 (0.54-1.39) | 0.93 (0.41-2.09) | 1.59 (0.80-3.17) |
| Occupationc | |||
| Nurse | 1.23 (0.75-2.02) | 1.43 (0.63-3.27) | 0.74 (0.38-1.46) |
| Physician | 1.16 (0.69-1.94) | 0.70 (0.25-1.94) | 0.37 (0.15-0.92) |
| General practitioner | 1.11 (0.29-4.20) | 1.96 (0.36-10.63) | 1.34 (0.25-7.01) |
| Health care assistant | 1.18 (0.58-2.37) | 1.03 (0.30-3.51) | 1.01 (0.40-2.52) |
| Pandemic-related variables | |||
| Has had COVID-19 | 0.77 (0.48-1.25) | 0.96 (0.43-2.12) | 1.39 (0.75-2.58) |
| Colleagues infected, hospitalized, or deceased | 1.02 (0.63-1.65) | 1.22 (0.51-2.93) | 1.22 (0.56-2.67) |
| Family infected, hospitalized, or deceased | 1.43 (0.99-2.07) | 1.03 (0.54-1.95) | 1.48 (0.85-2.57) |
| Mental health history | |||
| Psychiatric treatment | |||
| During pandemic | 0.92 (0.59-1.45) | 2.27 (1.15-4.48) | 1.70 (0.92-3.15) |
| Before pandemic | 1.23 (0.82-1.85) | 1.94 (0.99-3.81) | 1.07 (0.59-1.96) |
| Insomnia | |||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Female | 1.36 (0.67-2.77) | 1.82 (0.40-8.23) | NA |
| Agea | 0.99 (0.77-1.27) | 0.82 (0.49-1.35) | 0.61 (0.28-1.32) |
| Frontline statusb | |||
| At T1 only | 2.26 (1.09-4.67) | 2.92 (0.73-11.65) | 4.00 (0.33-48.12) |
| At T2 only | 3.59 (1.58-8.14) | 0.96 (0.10-8.94) | 20.50 (1.84-228.27) |
| At T1 and T2 | 2.08 (1.06-4.09) | 2.21 (0.63-7.77) | 3.85 (0.35-42.61) |
| Occupationc | |||
| Nurse | 1.77 (0.92-3.40) | 1.55 (0.40-5.96) | 2.66 (0.27-26.38) |
| Physician | 0.43 (0.17-1.08) | 0.77 (0.15-3.99) | 3.29 (0.31-34.90) |
| General practitioner | 1.92 (0.48-7.66) | 1.69 (0.15-19.16) | NA |
| Health care assistant | 1.75 (0.74-4.16) | 1.34 (0.21-8.47) | 3.44 (0.19-62.86) |
| Pandemic-related variables | |||
| Has had COVID-19 | 1.03 (0.57-1.85) | 0.92 (0.29-2.96) | 0.94 (0.18-5.00) |
| Colleagues infected, hospitalized, or deceased | 0.99 (0.51-1.92) | 0.82 (0.22-3.09) | NA |
| Family infected, hospitalized, or deceased | 0.96 (0.58-1.58) | 1.15 (0.45-2.97) | 2.73 (0.63-11.78) |
| Mental health history | |||
| Psychiatric treatment | |||
| During pandemic | 1.25 (0.70-2.21) | 0.49 (0.15-1.62) | 1.17 (0.25-5.60) |
| Before pandemic | 1.06 (0.62-1.84) | 2.87 (1.08-7.62) | 1.71 (0.38-7.76) |
| Posttraumatic symptoms | |||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Female | 2.99 (1.89-4.73) | 1.49 (0.81-2.71) | 2.60 (1.60-4.20) |
| Agea | 0.98 (0.82-1.16) | 1.46 (1.13-1.88) | 1.27 (1.06-1.53) |
| Frontline statusb | |||
| At T1 only | 1.87 (1.18-2.97) | 0.67 (0.29-1.52) | 1.66 (1.00-2.77) |
| At T2 only | 0.59 (0.31-1.14) | 1.26 (0.59-2.68) | 0.79 (0.41-1.52) |
| At T1 and T2 | 1.57 (1.03-2.39) | 1.29 (0.70-2.37) | 1.75 (1.12-2.72) |
| Occupationc | |||
| Nurse | 1.24 (0.80-1.94) | 0.76 (0.40-1.45) | 1.44 (0.90-2.31) |
| Physician | 1.42 (0.89-2.26) | 0.79 (0.40-1.56) | 1.17 (0.70-1.97) |
| General practitioner | 1.64 (0.54-4.95) | 0.94 (0.18-4.90) | 1.23 (0.36-4.19) |
| Health care assistant | 1.70 (0.90-3.21) | 1.84 (0.82-4.15) | 1.63 (0.81-3.25) |
| Pandemic-related variables | |||
| Has had COVID-19 | 0.78 (0.50-1.20) | 0.94 (0.51-1.75) | 0.94 (0.61-1.45) |
| Colleagues infected, hospitalized, or deceased | 0.97 (0.64-1.47) | 0.98 (0.53-1.80) | 1.90 (1.13-3.21) |
| Family infected, hospitalized, or deceased | 1.38 (0.98-1.94) | 1.55 (0.94-2.55) | 1.47 (1.02-2.11) |
| Mental health history | |||
| Psychiatric treatment | |||
| During pandemic | 1.25 (0.82-1.90) | 1.63 (0.90-2.95) | 1.59 (1.03-2.44) |
| Before pandemic | 0.87 (0.59-1.27) | 0.85 (0.49-1.48) | 0.95 (0.64-1.41) |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
a
Age is standardized and reversed.
b
Reference category is never frontline.
c
Reference category is other health care worker.