Table 2.

Interventional and observational studies on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and coronary artery calcification outcomes

Ref.	Year	HbA1c (%), mean ± SD	Type of study	Intervention	Sample size	Main findings
Razavi et al[43]	2021	Fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL	Multiethnic cohort	Two CAC scans with a 10-yr interval	574	More than 40% of adults with MetS or T2DM and baseline CAC = 0 had long-term absence of CAC
Schindler et al[34]	2009	9.8 ± 2.7	Prospective	Glyburide 10-20 mg/d ± metformin 500-1000 mg/d; Observation for 14 ± 2 mo	39	Lower progression of cIMT and CAC with glucose-lowering treatment
Won et al[38]	2018	7.5 ± 1.2 and 6.4 ± 0.9	Retrospective, single-ethnicity, multicenter observational	Data on the impact of optimal glycemic control on CAC progression	1637	Attenuation of CAC progression, especially if CAC > 400
Funck et al[41]	2017	6.5 ± 0.7	Prospective cohort	Observational, 5-yr follow-up	106	CAC progression in DM compared to healthy. Independently associated with PWV
Malik et al[42]	2017	HbA1c measurements were not available at baseline	Prospective cohort	Observational	6814	Baseline CAC values most important progression determinant

CAC: Coronary artery calcification; cIMT: Carotid intima media thickness; DM: Diabetes mellitus; MetS: Metabolic syndrome; PWV: Pulse wave velocity; SD: Standard deviation; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.