Table 4.

Interventional and observational studies on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and pulse wave velocity outcomes

Ref.	Year	HbA1c (%), mean ± SD	Type of study	Intervention	Sample size	Main findings
Koshiba et al[90]	2006	7.8 ± 2.0 and 7.7 ± 1.9	Prospective, randomized	Glibenclamide followed by glimepiride for 28 wk vs continuous administration of glibenclamide vs insulin therapy	34	Improvement of PWV, AIx, IR in the glimepiride group
de Oliveira et al[85]	2015	5.6 ± 0.7 and 6.3 ± 1.1	Prospective cohort	Observational	1675	Higher HbA1c levels are associated with higher PWV
Yu et al[91]	2007	6.5 ± 0.2	Prospective, randomized	Rosiglitazone 4 mg/d for 12 wk in diabetic patients with CAD	123	Decrease in PWV
Sofer et al[93]	2011	Fasting glucose: 132 ± 51 mg/dL	Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind	Metformin in patients with NAFLD with or without T2DM/IFG for 4 mo	63	Decrease in PWV and AIx
Shah et al[94]	2018	7.7± 2.0	Subanalysis of an RCT	Obese patients with metformin vs metformin plus intensive lifestyle intervention vs metformin plus rosiglitazone for 7.6 yr post-randomization	453	PWV increased; Attenuation possible
Scalzo et al[97]	2017	7.3 ± 1.1	Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind	Exenatide 20 μg/d subcutaneously, 30-60 min prior to meals, for 3 mo	23	Decrease in PWV
Koren et al[98]	2012	Fasting glucose: 169 ± 12 mg/dL	Prospective, controlled, open labeled, crossover	Sitagliptin 100 mg/d or glibenclamide 5 mg/d for 3 mo, cross-over switch for an additional 3 mo	34	No PWV benefits; Beneficial BMI effects of sitagliptin
Zografou et al[99]	2015	8.1 ± 0.8	Prospective randomized open-label	Vildagliptin 100 mg/d plus metformin 1700 mg/d vs metformin monotherapy 1700 mg/d	64	No effect on arterial stiffness in drug-naive patients with T2DM
Duvnjak and Blaslov[100]	2016	6.9 ± 1.1	Prospective, uncontrolled, open label, parallel-arm, randomized	Sitagliptin 100 mg/d or vildagliptin 100 mg/d for 3 mo	51	Decrease in PWV and Aix; No HbA1c reduction
De Boer et al[101]	2017	6.3 ± 0.4	Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind	Linagliptin 5 mg/d vs placebo for 26 wk	45	PWV improvement disappears after 4-wk washout period in newly diagnosed T2DM
Chen et al[103]	2009	6.9 ± 1.3	Prospective cohort	Observational	1000	PWV correlates with HbA1c and diabetes duration in patients with T2DM and hypertension
Chang et al[104]	2018	11.7 ± 1.9	Prospective cohort	Insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents (metformin, sulfonylurea, α-GI, DDP-4i) or combined insulin and oral agents for 12 wk	64	No PWV improvement
Ferreira et al[105]	2015	7.6 ± 1.4	Prospective cohort	Metformin, sulfonylureas or insulin for 4.2 yr	417	Attenuation of PWV progression

α-GI: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; AIx: Augmentation Index; BMI: Body mass index; CAD: Coronary artery disease; cIMT: Carotid intima media thickness; DDP-4i: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; HCT: Hydrochlorothiazide; IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; IR: Insulin resistance; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; PWV: Pulse wave velocity; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; SD: Standard deviation; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.