Table 1.
Demographic and clinical profile of patients with acute pancreatitis n (%)
|
Characteristic
|
Overall study population (n = 653)
|
Mild to moderately severe AP (n = 572)
|
Severe AP (n = 81)
|
P
value
|
| Mean age at admission (Range) | 58.7 ± 17.5 (20-98) | 57.9 ± 17.0 (20-95) | 64.2 ± 20.0 (20-98) | 0.002a |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 383 (58.7) | 334 (58.4) | 49 (60.5) | 0.285 |
| Ethnicity | 0.099 | |||
| Chinese | 458 (70.1) | 391 (68.4) | 67 (82.7) | |
| Malay | 43 (6.6) | 36 (6.3) | 7 (8.6) | |
| Indian | 108 (16.5) | 102 (17.8) | 6 (7.4) | |
| Others | 44 (6.7) | 43 (7.5) | 1 (1.2) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 339 (51.9) | 283 (49.5) | 56 (69.1) | 0.005a |
| T2DM | 204 (31.2) | 168 (29.4) | 36 (44.4) | 0.025a |
| Hyperlipidemia | 235 (36) | 198 (34.6) | 37 (45.7) | 0.373 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 81 (12.4) | 63 (11.0) | 18 (22.2) | 0.012a |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 51 (7.8) | 43 (7.5) | 8 (9.9) | 0.768 |
| Renal impairment | 42 (6.4) | 33 (5.8) | 9 (11.1) | 0.195 |
| COPD | 13 (2.0) | 9 (1.6) | 4 (4.9) | 0.217 |
| Asthma | 37 (5.7) | 33 (5.8) | 4 (4.9) | 0.038a |
| Others | 120 (18.4) | 107 (18.7) | 13 (16.0) | 0.919 |
| Medications | ||||
| Immunosuppressed | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0 | 0.467 |
| Steroids | 9 (1.4) | 6 (1.0) | 3 (3.7) | 0.214 |
| Anticoagulants | 32 (4.9) | 24 (4.2) | 8 (9.9) | 0.065 |
| History of smoking | 125 (19.1) | 118 (20.5) | 7 (8.6) | 0.042a |
| History of alcohol consumption | 159 (24.4) | 145 (25.4) | 14 (17.3) | 0.454 |
| Previous pancreatic disease | 76 (11.6) | 67 (11.7) | 9 (11.1) | 0.112 |
| Chronic pancreatitis | 30 (4.6) | 29 (5.1) | 1 (1.2) | 0.098 |
| Previous Cholecystectomy | 44 (6.7) | 38 (6.6) | 6 (7.4) | 0.809 |
| Etiology | ||||
| Gallstones | 404 (61.9) | 350 (61.2) | 54 (66.7) | 0.390 |
| Alcohol | 38 (5.8) | 34 (5.9) | 4 (4.9) | 0.437 |
| Idiopathic | 61 (9.3) | 52 (9.1) | 9 (11.1) | 0.634 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 19 (2.9) | 14 (2.4) | 5 (6.2) | 0.161 |
| Autoimmune | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.7) | 0 | 0.491 |
| Hypercalcemia | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (1.2) | 0.235 |
| Drug induced | 6 (0.9) | 3 (0.5) | 3 (3.7) | 0.065 |
| Others | 47(7.2) | 44 (7.7) | 3 (3.7) | 0.343 |
a
P < 0.05. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AP: Acute pancreatitis; Idiopathic: Acute pancreatitis with no etiology despite extensive work up; Others: Etiologies of acute pancreatitis include trauma, pancreas cystic neoplasms, malignancy, iatrogenic causes such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.