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. 2021 Nov 9;15(11):17613–17622. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05202

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Time-resolved SICM principle and implementation. (a) Illustration of the SICM principle. (b) Schematic rendering of a cross-section of the time-resolved SICM system based on a high-bandwidth large-range SICM actuator (1), integrated into a miniature incubator (2). Nanopipettes are fabricated through laser pulling (50 nm radius) and are successively shrunk through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) radiation to a sub-10-nm pore radius, shown in SEM images (3). Scale bars, 50 nm. (c) SICM interaction curve (top) and actuator motion dynamics (bottom), with the conventional hopping mode in blue and with the time-resolved SICM implementation (adaptive hopping mode and data-driven controller) in red. One kilohertz hopping rate, 1 μm hopping height, and 98% set point. (d) Actuator hopping rate performance with the conventional hopping mode (blue), adaptive hopping mode (green), and adaptive hopping mode together with data-driven controller (red). One micrometer hopping height and 99% set point. (e) Die micrograph of custom TIA composed of a low-noise operational amplifier and a pseudoresistor in its feedback. The pseudoresistor consists of N series-connected pMOS transistor pairs with specific biasing to achieve a large and precise resistance value. (f) Transimpedance measurements of the 1st stage TIA (blue) and the overall transimpedance using the subsequent amplifier stage for bandwidth extension (red).