Figure 1.

Timeline of different cell sources utilized in CMC mimics fabrication. The idea of isolating the RBC vesicles was reported in 1994⁹⁰ and gained significant research interest in utilizing cell membrane vesicles for coating onto a template to design CMC mimics in 2011.⁶² For designing these mimicking systems, the cell membrane from a wide variety of cells source (leukocyte,⁶³ cancer cell,⁹² platelet,⁹³ bacteria,⁹⁴ stem cell,⁹⁵ macrophage,⁶⁹ β-cell,⁹⁶ RBC-platelet hybrid,⁹⁷ neutrophil,⁵⁵ T-cell,⁹⁸ platelet-leukocyte hybrid,⁹⁹ RBC-cancer cell hybrid,¹⁰⁰ epithelial cell,¹⁰¹ RBC-stem cell hybrid,⁸⁶ natural killer (NK) cell,¹⁰² leukemic cell,¹⁰³ fibroblast,¹⁰⁴ patient-derived tumor cell,¹⁰⁵ dendritic cell¹⁰⁶) has been explored depending upon the importance of cells for a specific application. Recently, intracellular organelle membrane coating was investigated using mitochondria as a model organelle. These CMC mimics have shown great potential for use in personalized medicine.⁹² Some patents granted on these CMC mimics using the RBC membrane are highlighted in green in this figure.