Figure 2.

A schematic illustration of isolating and preparing membrane vesicles from nucleus-free, nucleus-containing cells, and organelle before coating: (A) The two-step process involves extracting cell membrane fragments (step 1) and preparing cell membrane vesicles (step 2). Depending on the type of cell used, cell membrane extraction and vesicle formation require a combination of techniques: (B) nucleus-free cells and (C) nucleus-containing cells. (D) Organelles: Step 3 is the final step of coating cell membrane onto a template (spherical or nonspherical) using suitable technique mentioned. Abbreviations: RBCs, red blood cells; OMVs, outer membrane vesicles; EVs, extracellular vesicles.