Figure 9.

Schematic overview of the types of CMC mimics used for a wide variety of applications. Designs of CMC mimics have utilized combinations of a template and cell membrane that endows the final system with specific therapeutic properties. We have grouped and color-coded them based on their type and modifications. Abbreviations/cell line: CM, cell membrane; RBC, red blood cell; WBCs, white blood cells; NK, natural killer; CSCs, cardiac stem cells; NSCs, neural stem cells; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; RGD, arginylglycylaspartic acid; SHp, stroke homing peptide; APTES, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); Fe₃O₄, iron oxide; MnO₂, manganese oxide; Au, gold; GdTPP, gadolinium porphyrin; ZnTPP, zinc porphyrin; PCN-224, porphyrin (TCPP)-based Zr₆ cluster; PFCs, perfluorocarbons; UCNPs, upconversion nanoparticles; PLNPs, persistent luminescent nanoparticles; MOFs: metal–organic frameworks; ZIF-8, zeolitic imidazolate framework; UUNCs, ultrasmall unimolecular nanocluster; NPs: nanoparticles; NDs, nanodroplets; SPNPS: semiconducting polymer nanoparticles; IM, immunomagnetic; PCL, polycaprolactone; CDA, cystine dimethacrylate; PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); mPEG, methoxy polyethylene glycol; NK-92, human natural killer cell line; RAW 264.7, murine macrophage cell line; J774, murine macrophage cell line; U-251 MG, glioblastoma multiforme cell line; MCF-7, human breast cancer cell line; 4T1, human breast cancer cell line; H22, murine hepatocarcinoma cell line; HeLa, human cervical cancer cell line; B16-F10, murine melanoma cell line; B16.OVA, B16F10 cells expressed ovalbumin; 143B, human osteosarcoma cell line; LNCaP-AI, prostate cancer cell line; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; E. coli:, Escherichia coli; C6/36, mosquito medium host cell line (Aedes albopictus).