Table 4.

Kibera estimated intent-to-treat effects at two-year follow-up, by study arm

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
	V-Only two-year follow-up Mean	VE Estimate	VEH Estimate	VEHW Estimate	VEH vs VE (3)–(2)	VEHW vs VE (4)–(2)	VEHW vs VEH (4)–(3)
Violence Prevention
Experienced violence by a male in the past year (=1)	0.422	− 0.088**	− 0.059*	− 0.042	0.028	0.046	0.018
95% CI		[− 0.14, − 0.03]	[− 0.12, 0.00]	[− 0.10, 0.02]	[− 0.03, 0.08]	[− 0.01, 0.10]	[− 0.04, 0.07]
Gender equitable attitudes z-scorea	0.000	− 0.036	0.054	0.078	0.090	0.114*	0.024
95% CI		[−0.15, 0.08]	[− 0.07, 0.17]	[− 0.04, 0.19]	[− 0.02, 0.20]	[0.00, 0.23]	[− 0.09, 0.14]
Positive gender schooling attitudes z-score	0.211	−0.024	− 0.091†	− 0.137*	− 0.067	−0.113*	− 0.046
95% CI		[−0.12, 0.07]	[−0.19, 0.01]	[− 0.24, − 0.03]	[− 0.17, 0.03]	[− 0.22, − 0.01]	[− 0.15, 0.06]
Education
Grade attainment	7.501	0.052†	0.048†	0.067*	− 0.003	0.016	0.019
95% CI		[0.00, 0.11]	[−0.01, 0.10]	[0.01, 0.12]	[−0.05, 0.05]	[−0.03, 0.06]	[− 0.03, 0.07]
Primary school complete (=1)	0.517	0.020	0.017	0.032	−0.004	0.011	0.015
95% CI		[−0.03, 0.07]	[− 0.03, 0.07]	[− 0.02, 0.08]	[− 0.05, 0.05]	[−0.04, 0.06]	[− 0.03, 0.06]
Enrolled in current school year (=1)	0.959	0.005	0.011	0.020†	0.006	0.015	0.010
95% CI		[−0.02, 0.03]	[−0.01, 0.03]	[0.00, 0.04]	[−0.01, 0.03]	[0.00, 0.03]	[−0.01, 0.03]
Conditional primary school complete (=1)b [n = 1104]	0.887	0.037	0.020	0.070**	−0.016	0.033	0.050*
95% CI		[−0.01, 0.09]	[−0.03, 0.07]	[0.02, 0.12]	[−0.06, 0.03]	[− 0.01, 0.07]	[0.01, 0.09]
Conditional transition to secondary school (=1)c [n = 1131]	0.836	0.036	0.035	0.071*	−0.001	0.036	0.037
95% CI		[−0.02, 0.10]	[−0.02, 0.09]	[0.01, 0.13]	[−0.06, 0.05]	[− 0.02, 0.09]	[− 0.01, 0.09]
Health
Knows most fertile period during menstrual cycle (=1)	0.087	0.016	0.019	0.022	0.003	0.006	0.003
95% CI		[−0.02, 0.05]	[−0.02, 0.05]	[− 0.01, 0.06]	[− 0.03, 0.04]	[−0.03, 0.04]	[− 0.03, 0.04]
Knows method of modern contraceptiona (=1) [n = 2175]	0.555	−0.007	0.130***	0.119***	0.137***	0.125***	−0.011
95% CI		[− 0.06, 0.05]	[0.07, 0.19]	[0.06, 0.18]	[0.08, 0.19]	[0.07, 0.18]	[−0.06, 0.04]
SRH knowledge z-scorea [n = 1948]	0.000	0.016	0.213**	0.158*	0.197**	0.142*	−0.055
95% CI		[−0.11, 0.14]	[0.09, 0.34]	[0.03, 0.29]	[0.08, 0.31]	[0.02, 0.26]	[−0.17, 0.07]
General self-efficacy z-score	0.325	0.152**	0.030	0.055	−0.122*	−0.097*	0.025
95% CI		[0.06, 0.25]	[−0.07, 0.13]	[−0.05, 0.16]	[− 0.22, − 0.03]	[−0.19, 0.00]	[− 0.08, 0.12]
Condom use self-efficacy z-scorea [n = 1777]	0.000	0.038	0.178**	0.124†	0.140*	0.086	−0.054
95% CI		[−0.10, 0.17]	[0.05, 0.30]	[−0.01, 0.25]	[0.02, 0.26]	[−0.04, 0.21]	[−0.17, 0.06]
Wealth creation
Financial literacy z-score	−0.085	0.014	0.045	0.381***	0.030	0.366***	0.336***
95% CI		[−0.11, 0.13]	[−0.07, 0.16]	[0.26, 0.50]	[−0.09, 0.15]	[0.25, 0.48]	[0.22, 0.45]
Saved money in the past 6 months (=1)	0.448	0.000	0.017	0.202***	0.017	0.202***	0.185***
95% CI		[−0.06, 0.06]	[− 0.04, 0.08]	[0.14, 0.26]	[− 0.04, 0.07]	[0.15, 0.26]	[0.13, 0.24]
Household-level outcomes
Expects girl to complete secondary school (=1) [n = 2193]	0.994	0.002	−0.001	0.004	−0.003	0.002	0.005
95% CI		[−0.01, 0.01]	[−0.01, 0.01]	[0.00, 0.01]	[− 0.01, 0.01]	[0.00, 0.01]	[0.00, 0.01]
Household wealth quintile [n = 2236]	2.823	0.101	0.123	0.105	0.022	0.004	−0.019
95% CI		[−0.06, 0.26]	[−0.03, 0.28]	[− 0.06, 0.27]	[− 0.13, 0.18]	[− 0.15, 0.16]	[− 0.17, 0.14]
Summary index z-scores
Violence prevention outcomes summary index z-scored	0.000	0.066	0.037	−0.004	− 0.029	− 0.070	−0.040
95% CI		[−0.05, 0.19]	[−0.08, 0.16]	[− 0.13, 0.12]	[− 0.15, 0.09]	[− 0.19, 0.05]	[− 0.16, 0.08]
Education outcomes summary index z-score (grade, primary, enroll)	0.000	0.062	0.082	0.123*	0.020	0.061	0.041
95% CI		[−0.04, 0.17]	[− 0.02, 0.18]	[0.03, 0.22]	[−0.07, 0.12]	[− 0.03, 0.15]	[− 0.05, 0.13]
Health outcomes summary index z-score	0.000	0.113†	0.306***	0.279***	0.193**	0.167**	−0.026
95% CI		[0.00, 0.23]	[0.19, 0.42]	[0.16, 0.40]	[0.08, 0.31]	[0.05, 0.28]	[−0.14, 0.09]
Wealth creation outcomes summary index z-score	0.000	0.015	0.056	0.517***	0.041	0.502***	0.461***
95% CI		[−0.10, 0.13]	[− 0.06, 0.17]	[0.40, 0.63]	[−0.07, 0.16]	[0.39, 0.62]	[0.35, 0.57]

The table reports two-year follow-up means for V-only in column 1, the OLS estimated ITT effect for each study arm relative to V-only in columns 2–4 and differences in the estimated ITT effects across study arms in columns 5–7. For binary outcomes (=1) these are linear probability models. Column 5 compares the estimates for VEH to VE, column 6 compares VEHW to VE, and column 7 compares VEHW to VEH. For example, the estimate in column 7 for ‘Experienced violence by a male in the past year’ (0.018) is the difference between the estimate for VEHW (− 0.042) in column 4 and the estimate for VEH (− 0.059) in column 3. Minor differences in the reported differentials compared to the estimates presented in columns 2–4 are due to rounding. Numbers in square brackets indicate 95% confidence intervals. Regressions were estimated with robust standard errors and included controls for age and the outcome measured at baseline unless otherwise noted. N = 2190; sample is smaller for some individual outcomes due to missing data as indicated

*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, † p < 0.1

^a No baseline control for outcome variable available

^b Among girls who had completed grade 6 but had not yet completed grade 8 at baseline

^c Among girls who had completed grade 6 but had not yet enrolled in secondary school at baseline

^d Violence prevention variable is reverse coded prior to inclusion in summary variable