Table 2.

Concentrations of nutrients throughout the first week of bitch and queen lactation [22,23].

Nutrient	Bitch Lactation			Queen Lactation
Composition	Day 1	Day 3	Day 7	Day 1	Day 3	Day 7
True protein (g/L)	143.00 ± 19.20	102.30 ± 13.20	81.70 ± 8.80	83.00 ± 13.00	54.00 ± 3.00	63.00 ± 4.00
NPN (g/L)	1.19 ± 0.05	1.07 ± 0.02	1.15 ± 0.05	0.91 ± 0.12	0.78 ± 0.04	0.81 ± 0.03
NPN (%/N)	5.70 ± 0.70	6.70 ± 0.50	9.10 ± 1.20	7.20 ± 1.20	8.40 ± 0.80	7.50 ± 0.40
Casein (% total protein)	60.70 ± 4.10	75.4.00 ± 2.70	68.20 ± 3.70	40.40 ± 3.80	49.00 ± 0.60	50.40 ± 1.60
Whey (% total protein)	39.30 ± 4.10	24.60 ± 2.70	31.80 ± 3.70	59.60 ± 3.80	51.00 ± 0.06	49.60 ± 1.60
Lipid (g/L)	132.20 ± 16.70	137.20 ± 11.70	132.10 ± 8.30	93.00 ± 19.00	53.00 ± 9.00	76.00 ± 14.00
Lactose (g/L)	16.60 ± 1.30	29.30 ± 2.30	35.40 ± 1.00	29.90 ± 3.40	40.30 ± 1.50	39.00 ± 1.60
Citrate (mM)	4.80 ± 0.40	5.30 ± 0.24	6.60 ± 0.34	6.50 ± 0.30	5.80 ± 0.50	3.90 ± 0.40
Iron (mg/L)	3.70 ± 0.29	6.90 ± 0.57	5.70 ± 0.39	1.85 ± 0.300	3.90 ± 0.55	3.19 ± 0.26
Copper (mg/L)	1.30 ± 0.66	1.40 ± 0.22	1.00 ± 0.13	0.36 ± 0.07	1.34 ± 0.25	1.28 ± 0.16
Zinc (mg/L)	5.00 ± 1.30	5.40 ± 1.00	5.80 ± 0.40	5.78 ± 0.76	6.77 ± 1.24	6.49 ± 0.58
Magnesium (mg/L)	128.50 ± 17.80	85.80 ± 4.90	95.60 ± 5.30	111.00 ± 12.00	82.00 ± 6.00	79.00 ± 7.00
Calcium (mg/L)	1363.00 ± 108.00	1366.00 ± 118.00	1773.00 ± 128.00	462.00 ± 57.00	1162.00 ± 110.00	1586.00 ± 122.00
Phosphorus (mg/L)	935.00 ± 83.00	914.00 ± 162.00	1166.00 ± 136.00	1137.00 ± 45.00	1305.00 ± 55.00	1529.00 ± 57.00
Ca:P	1.50	1.50	1.50	0.10	0.89	1.40
Energy (kcal/L)	1831.00 ± 506.00	1761.00 ± 282.00	1657.00 ± 292.00	1287.00 ± 141.00	853.00 ± 80.00	1093.00 ± 137.00
Amino Acids	Bitch (mmol/L)			Queen (mmol/g protein)
Composition	Day 1	Day 3	Day 7	Day 1	Day 3	Day 7
Alanine	0.170 ± 0.012	0.052 ± 0.007	0.082 ± 0.010	0.539 ± 0.006	0.571 ± 0.010	0.530 ± 0.008
Arginine	0.104 ± 0.007	0.032 ± 0.004	0.056 ± 0.008	0.352 ± 0.011	0.400 ± 0.004	0.400 ± 0.003
Asparagine + Aspartic acid	0.235 ± 0.015	0.073 ± 0.009	0.117 ± 0.014	0.691 ± 0.014	0.799 ± 0.011	0.769 ± 0.010
Cysteine	0.058 ± 0.004	0.021 ± 0.003	0.032 ± 0.005	0.130 ± 0.004	0.149 ± 0.005	0.122 ± 0.004
Glutamine + Glutamic acid	0.426 ± 0.021	0.124 ± 0.018	0.242 ± 0.004	1.474 ± 0.013	1.516 ± 0.015	1.581 ± 0.013
Glycine	0.079 ± 0.008	0.020 ± 0.003	0.027 ± 0.003	0.241 ± 0.016	0.222 ± 0.011	0.198 ± 0.008
Histidine	0.076 ± 0.004	0.021 ± 0.003	0.041 ± 0.007	0.193 ± 0.009	0.198 ± 0.010	0.206 ± 0.008
Isoleucine	0.128 ± 0.007	0.037 ± 0.005	0.069 ± 0.011	0.290 ± 0.008	0.277 ± 0.007	0.291 ± 0.006
Leucine	0.301 ± 0.017	0.093 ± 0.014	0.169 ± 0.026	0.988 ± 0.008	0.972 ± 0.004	0.997 ± 0.006
Lysine	0.128 ± 0.008	0.037 ± 0.005	0.061 ± 0.008	0.491 ± 0.019	0.526 ± 0.016	0.516 ± 0.017
Methionine	0.073 ± 0.005	0.022 ± 0.003	0.036 ± 0.005	0.213 ± 0.007	0.225 ± 0.003	0.206 ± 0.016
Phenylalanine	0.096 ± 0.006	0.027 ± 0.004	0.048 ± 0.007	0.251 ± 0.029	0.234 ± 0.003	0.224 ± 0.002
Proline	0.302 ± 0.017	0.083 ± 0.013	0.168 ± 0.028	1.073 ± 0.011	0.910 ± 0.020	0.929 ± 0.007
Serine	0.138 ± 0.007	0.036 ± 0.005	0.065 ± 0.009	0.545 ± 0.026	0.482 ± 0.006	0.467 ± 0.006
Threonine	0.149 ± 0.009	0.045 ± 0.006	0.070 ± 0.007	0.517 ± 0.011	0.479 ± 0.008	0.480 ± 0.019
Tryptophan	0.007 ± 0.002	n.d.	0.005 ± n.d.	0.094 ± 0.004	0.095 ± 0.007	0.094 ± 0.002
Tyrosine	0.068 ± 0.005	0.021 ± 0.005	0.031 ± 0.004	0.278 ± 0.003	0.274 ± 0.001	0.275 ± 0.001
Valine	0.206 ± 0.013	0.060 ± 0.008	0.102 ± 0.014	0.415 ± 0.014	0.365 ± 0.012	0.376 ± 0.010

NPN: non protein nitrogen; n.d.: not detectable. Data are expressed as means ± standard error.