TABLE 1.
Pre- and Perinatal Characteristics of the Participants and Their Association With Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage at Birth
| Neighborhood Disadvantagea | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <–1 SD (Lowest) N (%) | –1 to 0 SD N (%) | >0 to 1 SD N (%) | >1 SD (Highest) N (%) | ||
| 11,023 | 1,412 (13) | 5,163 (47) | 3,202 (29) | 1,246 (11) | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 30.0 (5.1) | 32.0 (4.3) | 30.8 (4.8) | 28.8 (5.3) | 27.5 (5.6) |
| Primiparous, N (%) | |||||
| No | 5,523 (50) | 874 (62) | 2,570 (50) | 1,456 (46) | 623 (50) |
| Yes | 5,500 (50) | 538 (38) | 2,593 (50) | 1,746 (55) | 623 (50) |
| Mode of delivery, N (%) | |||||
| Vaginal | 9,539 (86) | 1,223 (87) | 4,473 (87) | 2,752 (86) | 1,091 (88) |
| Cesarean section | 1,484 (14) | 189 (13) | 690 (13) | 450 (14) | 155 (12) |
| Single parenthood at birth, N (%) | |||||
| No | 10,352 (94) | 1,393 (99) | 4,974 (96) | 2,913 (91) | 1,072 (86) |
| Yes | 671 (6) | 19 (1) | 189 (4) | 289 (9) | 174 (14) |
| Immigrant, N (%) | |||||
| No | 10,054 (91) | 1,382 (98) | 4,940 (96) | 2,864 (89) | 868 (70) |
| Yes | 969 (9) | 30 (2) | 223 (4) | 338 (11) | 378 (30) |
| Smoking during pregnancy, N (%) | |||||
| No | 9,762 (89) | 1,361 (96) | 4,733 (92) | 2,710 (85) | 958 (77) |
| Yes | 1,261 (11) | 51 (4) | 430 (8) | 492 (15) | 288 (23) |
| Obesity before pregnancy,b N (%) | |||||
| No | 9,773 (89) | 1,289 (91) | 4,607 (89) | 2,806 (88) | 1,071 (86) |
| Yes | 1,228 (11) | 123 (9) | 556 (11) | 396 (12) | 175 (14) |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus, N (%) | |||||
| No | 9,332 (85) | 1,226 (87) | 4,359 (84) | 2,700 (84) | 1,047 (84) |
| Yes | 1,691 (15) | 186 (13) | 804 (16) | 502 (16) | 199 (16) |
| Other medical conditions,c N (%) | |||||
| No | 10,690 (97) | 1,373 (97) | 5,019 (97) | 3,106 (97) | 1,192 (96) |
| Yes | 333 (3) | 39 (3) | 144 (3) | 96 (3) | 54 (4) |
| Parental socioeconomic status, N (%) | |||||
| Higher-grade nonmanual | 2,297 (21) | 458 (32) | 1,265 (25) | 476 (15) | 98 (8) |
| Lower-grade nonmanual | 2,203 (20) | 385 (27) | 1,150 (22) | 548 (17) | 120 (10) |
| Manual | 3,234 (29) | 300 (21) | 1,418 (28) | 1,082 (34) | 434 (35) |
| Student | 1,206 (11) | 63 (5) | 504 (10) | 443 (14) | 196 (16) |
| Full-time mother | 465 (4) | 25 (2) | 132 (3) | 161 (5) | 147 (12) |
| Other | 1,618 (15) | 181 (13) | 694 (13) | 492 (15) | 251 (20) |
| Child characteristics | |||||
| Sex of the child, N (%) | |||||
| Boy | 5,635 (51) | 739 (52) | 2,631 (51) | 1,657 (52) | 608 (49) |
| Girl | 5,388 (49) | 673 (48) | 2,532 (49) | 1,545 (48) | 638 (51) |
| Preterm birth, N (%) | |||||
| No | 10,566 (96) | 1,362 (96) | 4,940 (96) | 3,076 (96) | 1,188 (95) |
| Yes | 457 (4) | 50 (4) | 223 (4) | 126 (3) | 58 (5) |
| Duration of pregnancy (weeks), mean (SD) | 39.9 (1.5) | 39.8 (1.5) | 39.9 (1.5) | 39.9 (1.5) | 39.8 (1.6) |
| Birth weight (g), mean (SD) | 3,527 (506) | 3,571 (495) | 3,536 (507) | 3,510 (507) | 3,482 (511) |
aStandardized z score based on the total Finnish population.
bBMI > 30.
cOther medical conditions the mother manifested with during pregnancy are mental and behavioral disorders, diseases of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, or genitourinary systems.