TABLE 4.

Changes From Pre- to Posttreatment in Personality Variables, Mental Health Symptoms, QOL, and Exile Life Functioning

	Pretreatment		Posttreatment		Paired Differences
Variables	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t	p	Cohen's d
R-PAS personality variablesa
Engagement and cognitive processing
Complexity	64.6	31.2	55.5	20.9	−1.85	0.079	0.35
CF + C	2.82	2.44	2.32	1.70	−0.58	0.279	0.02
Perception and thinking problems
EII-3	1.50	1.75	0.63	1.99	−2.09	0.049*	0.46
SevCogb	2.86	3.66	1.14	2.30
Sqrt_SevCogc	1.21	1.21	0.60	0.90	−3.06	0.006**	0.58
FQ−%	19.7	17.0	12.1	10.6	−1.80	0.086	0.54
Self and other representation
MAP	3.36	3.40	2.27	2.59	−1.83	0.082	0.27
PHR	4.73	2.98	3.27	2.62	2.77	0.032*	0.52
Stress and distress
CritCont%	60.3	42.0	38.4	31.3	−2.50	0.011*	0.59
HSCL-25d
Anxiety	2.86	0.65	2.39	0.73	−3.06	0.003**	0.68
Depression	2.97	0.51	2.58	0.88	−2.36	0.014*	0.54
HTQ-PTSDe
Total	2.86	0.48	2.33	0.75	−3.39	0.002**	0.84
Reexperiencing	2.92	0.74	2.39	0.91	−3.16	0.003**	0.64
Arousal	3.17	0.47	2.50	0.86	−3.59	0.001**	0.97
Avoidance	2.61	0.54	2.17	0.70	−2.46	0.012*	0.70
WHOQOLf
Physical health	28.0	13.5	43.8	21.9	3.96	0.001**	0.87
Psychological health	24.1	16.6	41.0	18.3	3.87	0.001**	0.97
Social relationships	29.8	16.3	39.3	23.4	1.63	0.061	0.47
Environmental conditions	45.1	20.1	52.9	20.1	2.10	0.025*	0.39
Exile life functioning
Speaking Norwegian, %a	59.1	0.50	77.3	0.43	2.16	0.042*	0.39
Working/studying, %a	31.8	0.48	54.5	0.51	2.49	0.021*	0.46

Paired samples t-test.

Figures are reported with maximum three digits, for a meaningful level of accuracy. Two-tailed significance tests. **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.

^aThe R-PAS (Meyer et al., 2011) assessing personality functioning, N = 22, df = 21.

^bPosttreatment SevCog (only) had skew and kurtosis that exceeded recommended values: skew = 3.07, kurtosis = 10.87, and was therefore square root transformed.

^cSquare root transformed due to the nonnormal distribution. Transformed variable skew at pretreatment = 0.41 and kurtosis = −1.24. Transformed variable skew at posttreatment = 1.41 and kurtosis = 1.46.

^dThe HSCL-25 (N = 22, df = 21) assessing anxiety and depression.

^eThe HTQ Part IV, questions 1 to 16 (HTQ; N = 20 pre + post, df = 19) assessing posttraumatic stress.

^fThe WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire (N = 19 pre + post, df = 18) assessing QOL in four areas.