Summary of findings 15. Education versus no education on prescribing or administration.

Education versus no education on prescribing or administration for reducing medication errors in adults in hospital settings
Patient or population: adults Setting: hospitals Intervention: education on prescribing or administration Comparison: no education on prescribing or administration
Outcomes#	Relative effect (95%CI)	Absolute effect (95% CI)	№ of participants (studies)	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)	Comments
Medication errors (Follow‐up 1 to 4 months)	OR 1.21  (0.93 to 1.58)	Not estimable	30ƚ (4 RCTs)	⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very lowa,b,c	Grouped outcomes Analysis 15.1 ƚOnly 1 out of 4 RCTs reported participants. Education on prescriptions (physicians) OR 1.11 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.39) Education on administration (nurses) OR 1.64 (95% CI 0.88 to 3.08)
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate. The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited. The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate. The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect.

^#There were no data available for adverse drug events, mortality, readmissions, length of stay, quality of life and discrepancy resolution.
^aDowngraded one level due to risk of bias.
^bDowngraded two levels due to very serious inconsistency amongst the studies.
^cDowngraded one level due to imprecision.