Table 2.
Policy and regulation milestones on AMR control in China at stage II.
| Year | Policy | Issuer | Key Point |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | A notice on strengthening the supervision of antimicrobials sales in retail pharmacies and promoting rational use of antibiotics | FDA | In the retail pharmacies, the antimicrobials which are Rx should be purchased with prescriptions from a licensed physician. |
| 2004 | A guideline on clinical use of antimicrobials42 | MoH | To promote the rational use of antimicrobials and regulate the behavior of medical healthcare facilities and health care workers. |
| 2005 | A notice on the establishment of clinical use of antimicrobials and bacterial resistance monitoring network | MoH | The national monitoring networks of clinical use of antimicrobials and bacterial resistance will be established. |
| 2006 | Prescription Administrative Policy43 | MoH | The aims of this policy are to standardize prescription management, improve the quality of prescription, promote rational use of medicines, and to ensure medical safety. |
| 2008 | A notice on strengthening the control of nosocomial infection causing by multi-drug resistant bacteria44 | MoH | This notice requires the hospitals to prevent and control of nosocomial infection and to prevent and control of nosocomial transmission of drug-resistant bacteria. |
| 2008 | A notice on further improving the clinical use of antimicrobials45 | MoH | Further strengthening the preventive use of antimicrobials in peripheral surgery and gradually establishing an early warning mechanism for the clinical use of antimicrobials. |
| 2009 | Animal Bacterial Resistance Surveillance Program (2009)47 | MoA | Strengthening the monitoring of animal-derived bacterial resistance, ensuring the safety of animal-derived food and promoting the healthy development of animal husbandry. |
| 2009 | A notice on implementing special inspection on the generation and disposal of hazardous waste such as antibiotic residue48 | MEP | To organize nationwide inspection on the generation and disposal of hazardous waste such as antibiotic bacteria residue. |
MoH: Ministry of Health (former name of National Health Commission); MoA: Ministry of Agriculture; MEP: Ministry of Ecology and Environment; NHFPC: National Health and Family Planning Commission (former name of National Health Commission).