Figure 4.

(a–g) Oxidative stress-related parameters in wild-type (WT) and d10 and d17 mutant plants exposed to different concentrations of sodium arsenate (Na₂AsO₄; 0, 125 and 250 μM As^V). (a–c) Leaf staining for detection of superoxide (O₂^•−) by nitroblue tetrazolium (a), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by diaminobenzidine (b), and cuticle damage by toluidine blue (c). (d–g) The levels of H₂O₂ (d), malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (f) and relative water contents (g) in the shoots of the three genotypes were recorded on day 3 of As^V treatments. Represented numerical data are the means with standard errors (n = 3 biological repeats). Significant differences (p < 0.05) among the treatments are denoted by distinct alphabetical letters according to a least significant difference test. FW, fresh weight.