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Schematic representation of the effect of TH, CA, and RA in ovo exposure on the expression pattern of (A,B) apoptotic-related genes (casp3, Bcl2) and (C–F) pro-inflammatory cytokines (INF-ƴ, TNF-α, IL-β, and NF-kB1) in the brains of 19-day-old chicken embryos. Bars not sharing a common superscript letter (a,b,c,d) differ significantly at p < 0.05.
