Table 3.
Effect of TH, CA, and RA in ovo exposure inflammatory and apoptotic markers in brains of 19-day-old chicken embryos.
| Parameters | Experimental Groups | p-Value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | TH | CA | RA | TH/CA | TH/RA | TH/CA + RA | ||
| Inflammatory Markers | ||||||||
| TNF-α (pg/mg protein) |
59.80 ± 0.77 d | 93.58 ± 2.32 a | 64.36 ± 1.492 d | 47.58 ± 4.32 e | 80.23 ± 4.02 b | 72.15 ± 3.09 cd | 62.36 ± 1.72 d | <0.001 |
| IL-1β (pg/mg protein) |
81.16 ± 0.55 d | 150.16 ± 1.15 a | 73.91 ± 2.71 e | 64.67 ± 1.09 f | 128.42 ± 3.17 b | 100.18 ± 0.04 c | 87.59 ± 1.45 d | <0.001 |
| NO (µmol/g protein) |
25.17 ± 0.10 de | 51.51 ± 0.89 a | 21.95 ± 0.32 ef | 20.27 ± 0.19 f | 37.78 ± 1.58 b | 32.03 ± 0.69 c | 29.21 ± 01.97 cd | <0.001 |
| MPO (ng/mg protein) |
1.07 ± 0.01 d | 12.74 ± 0.70 a | 1.20 ± 0.19 d | 1.15 ± 0.08 d | 7.24 ± 0.06 b | 3.81 ± 0.30 c | 1.37 ± 0.06 d | <0.001 |
| Apoptotic biomarkers | ||||||||
| Casp3 (ng/mg protein) |
1.51 ± 0.00 d | 6.15 ± 0.02 a | 1.62 ± 0.11 d | 1.72 ± 0.07 d | 4.05 ± 0.33 b | 3.56 ± 0.02 b | 2.64 ± 0.20 c | <0.001 |
| Bcl-2 (ng/mg protein) |
0.41 ± 0.00 b | 0.15 ± 00.00 d | 0.53 ± 0.02 a | 0.61 ± 0.03 a | 0.26 ± 0.03 cd | 0.30 ± 0.05 bc | 0.38 ± 0.01 bc | <0.001 |
Values that are not sharing a common superscript letter (a–f) differ significantly at p < 0.05. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (casp3), and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2).