Table 1.
Chemical compounds that have been founded in the main animal milk sources used in kefir fermented process, as has been published by different authors.
| Chemical Compound | Origin and Amounty of Kefir Animal Milk (Measurement Data) | Biological Activity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cow | Goat | Sheep | Camel | ||
| Ash | 0.7% [165] 1.1% [167] 1.2 % [168] 0.5 % (w/v) [152] |
0.62% w/w [169] | 0.94g [170] | Inorganic residue | |
| Carbohydrates and Lactose | 6.0% [165] 5.0 % (w/v) [152] |
4.6 % (Lactose) [171] 5.9% w/w [169] |
5% (Lactose) [171] 2.92 g (Lactose) [170] 4.11 g [170] |
Basic nutrient | |
| Grain Exopolysaccharide | 2 g/L Kefiran [172] No measurements have been reported about kefiran concentration in the fermented kefir |
Antihypertensive [173] Immunomodulation [40,174] Antitumoral [175] Antimicrobial [160] Antioxidant [176] |
|||
| Fats | 0.2% [165] 2.3% w/v [166] 1.3 % w/v [152] |
3.4% w/v [171] 2.6% w/w [169] |
5.3% w/v [171] 5.21 g [170] |
Basic nutrient | |
| Vitamin A and Carotene | B- Carotene 0.005 mg/100 g [177] | B- carotene 0.004 mg/100 g [177] | Antioxidant [177] | ||
| Vitamin E | 0.025 mg/100 g [177] | 0.04 mg/100 g [177] | Antioxidant [177] | ||
| Vitamin B1 | 10 mg/Kg [168] | Basic nutrient | |||
| Vitamin B2 | 5 mg/Kg [168] | Basic nutrient | |||
| Vitamin B5 | 3 mg/Kg [168] | Basic nutrient | |||
| Protein | 3.0% [165] 3.9% w/v [166] 3.1% w/v [152] |
3.45% w/v [171] | 4.1% w/v [171] 5.71 g [170] |
Basic nutrient | |
| Total Nitrogen (%) | 0.21 [178] | 0.25 [178] | 0.24 [178] | 0.23 [178] | |
| Bioactive Peptides | AVPYPQR [9] Kefir peptides powder—KEFPEP [179,180,181,182,183] |
LEIVPK [184] ARHPHPHLSFM [185] LGPVRGPFP [185] TAQVTSTEV [185] VLNENLLR [185] |
(Antihypertensive) DKIHPF [170] (Antioxidant) QEPVLGPVRGPFP [170] |
“Captopril like effect” [9,184,185] Antihypertensive [170] Antioxidant [9,170,181,185] Lipid metabolism modulation [180] Antifibrotic [181] Antithrombotic [185] Anti-inflammatory [179,181,182] Prevent menopausal osteoporosis [183] Prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [179] Antidepressant [181] Antibacterial [185] |
|
| Aminoacids (threonine, serine, alanine, lysine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine and tryptophan) | Ranging 60–376 mg/100 g [168,186,187] 6–46 mg/kg [178] | 4–52 mg/ kg [178] | 1–26 mg/kg [178] | 7–56 mg/kg [178] | Basic nutrient |
| Phenolic compounds | 67 mg/100mL [177] | 50–70mg/100mL [188] | 78 mg/100mL [177] | Antioxidant [189,190] | |
| Lactic acid | 1.0% [165] 1.4–17.4 mg/mL [166] 0.6% w/v [152] |
7.1 g/L [171] | 9.1 g/L [171] | ||
| Alcohol | 0.48% [165] 0.5mg/mL [166] |
1% [191] 9.5 ug/g [171] |
12.5 ug/g [171] | ||
| CO2 | 201–277 mL/L [165] | ||||
| Potassium | 1.65% [168] 1009 ppm [178] |
159 mg/100 g [169] 1049 ppm [178] |
11.2 mg/L [170] 88.3 ppm [178] |
1477 ppm [178] | Basic nutrient |
| Calcium | 0.86% [168] 0.22% [166] 88 ppm [178] |
116 mg/100 g [169] 132 ppm [178] |
1765 mg/L [170] 37 ppm [178] |
154 ppm [178] | Basic nutrient |
| Phosphorus | 1.45% [168] 733 ppm [178] |
735 ppm [178] | 458 ppm [178] | 783 ppm [178] | Basic nutrient |
| Magnesium | 0.3% [168] 100.3 ppm [178] |
10.3 mg/100 g [169] 203 ppm [178] |
206 mg/L [170] 116.7 ppm [178] |
83.4 ppm [178] | Basic nutrient |
| Sodium | 15.6 ppm [178] | 17.1 ppm [178] | 20.73 ppm [178] | 20.83 ppm [178] | Basic nutrient |
| Copper | 7.32 mg/Kg [168] 0.06 ppm [178] |
0.08 ppm [178] | 0.02 ppm [178] | 0.01 ppm [178] | Basic nutrient |
| Zinc | 92.7 mg/Kg [168] 2.17 ppm [178] |
0.34 mg/100 g [169] 2.23 ppm [178] |
0.55 ppm [178] | 2.43 ppm [178] | Basic nutrient |
| Iron | 20.3 mg/Kg [168] 4.73 ppm [178] |
2.25 ppm [178] | 3.53 ppm [178] | 4.86 ppm [178] | Basic nutrient |
| Manganese | 13 mg/Kg [168] 0.25 ppm [178] |
0.27 ppm [178] | 0.21 ppm [178] | 0.19 ppm [178] | Basic nutrient |
| Cobalt | 0.16 mg/Kg [168] | Basic nutrient | |||
| Molybdenum | 0.33 mg/Kg [168] 0 ppm [178] |
0.01 ppm [178] | 0.03 ppm [178] | 0 ppm [178] | Basic nutrient |
| pH | 4.54 [178] | 4.6 [178] | 4.51 [178] | 4.1 [178] | |