Table 1.

Tissue distribution and functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms.

PPARα Refs. [10,11,12]	liver	↑ Oxidation of fatty acids, ketogenesis, lipid homeostasis
	heart	↑ Oxidation of fatty acids ↓ Glucose uptake
	kidney	↑ Oxidation of fatty acids
	brown adipose tissue	↑ Oxidation of fatty acids
PPARβ/δ Refs. [11,12]	ubiquitous	↑ Oxidation of fatty acids + branched-chain amino acid
PPARγ Refs. [11,13]	white adipose tissue brown adipose tissue	↑ Adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis
	immune cells	↑ Antigen uptake and activation, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitization
	skeletal muscle	↑ Insulin sensitization