Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical and Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Project Salus Medicare Cohort.
| Variable | Non-Covid-19 Cases † | Covid-19 Outpatients ‡ | Covid-19 Hospitalized ¶ | Covid-19 Deaths # | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 14,592,352 | 421,575 | 345,111 | 135,567 | |||||
| Age | Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | |
| Age | 73 | (67–80) ✦✦✦ | 73 | (68–81) | 76 | (68–84) ✦✦✦ | 82 | (73–89) ✦✦✦ | |
| % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | ||
| Under 65 | 15.20% | (2,221,832) *** | 14.60% | (61,446) | 14.30% | (49,202) *** | 7.40% | (10,062) *** | |
| From 65 to 74 | 41.50% | (6,061,460) *** | 40.40% | (170,315) | 32.10% | (110,873) *** | 21.50% | (29,161) *** | |
| From 75 to 84 | 28.80% | (4,208,784) *** | 27.00% | (113,939) | 30.80% | (106,170) *** | 31.20% | (42,248) *** | |
| Over 85 | 14.40% | (2,100,276) *** | 18.00% | (75,875) | 22.90% | (78,866) *** | 39.90% | (54,096) *** | |
| Sex | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | |
| Male | 43.40% | (6,330,698) | 40.50% | (170,855) | 48.50% | (167,259) *** | 48.40% | (65,679) *** | |
| Female | 56.60% | (8,261,652) | 59.50% | (250,720) | 51.50% | (177,852) *** | 51.60% | (69,888) *** | |
| Race | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | |
| North American Native | 0.60% | (90,876) *** | 0.50% | (2285) | 1.00% | (3410) *** | 0.90% | (1171) *** | |
| Black | 9.60% | (1,394,033) *** | 12.50% | (52,738) | 18.10% | (62,302) *** | 16.50% | (22,338) *** | |
| Hispanic | 2.00% | (293,861) *** | 3.80% | (15,971) | 4.70% | (16,125) *** | 4.20% | (5729) *** | |
| Asian | 1.90% | (277,030) *** | 2.10% | (8728) | 2.30% | (7857) *** | 2.40% | (3248) *** | |
| White | 82.20% | (12,002,137) *** | 77.20% | (325,301) | 70.80% | (244,233) *** | 73.40% | (99,458) *** | |
| Other | 1.60% | (227,572) * | 1.70% | (7057) | 1.70% | (5890) | 1.60% | (2223) | |
| Unknown | 2.10% | (306,843) *** | 2.30% | (9495) | 1.50% | (5294) *** | 1.00% | (1400) *** | |
| Socio-economic (SVI) Variable Quartiles | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | |
| Lowest Income (EPL_PCI) | 11.20% | (1,635,128) *** | 13.70% | (57,813) | 17.60% | (60,773) *** | 16.80% | (22,732) *** | |
| Most Crowded Housing (EPL_CROWD) | 10.00% | (1,452,010) *** | 16.20% | (68,406) | 16.50% | (56,957) ** | 16.60% | (22,475) *** | |
| Highest Multi-unit Housing (EPL_MUNIT) | 11.70% | (1,700,037) *** | 17.70% | (74,648) | 16.00% | (55,163) *** | 16.70% | (22,659) *** | |
| Highest Institutional Housing (EPL_GROUPQ) | 7.50% | (1,092,374) | 7.10% | (29,776) | 7.00% | (24,092) | 7.20% | (9731) *** | |
| % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | ||
| Disabled | 24.80% | (3,619,734) *** | 26.00% | (109,502) | 27.40% | (94,554) *** | 21.80% | (29,522) *** | |
| Dual Medicare-Medicaid | 21.80% | (3,187,875) *** | 37.50% | (158,292) | 40.00% | (137,894) *** | 47.70% | (64,679) *** | |
| Prior Hospitalization | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | |
| 0 | 100.00% | (14,592,352) *** | 79.20% | (333,743) | 64.20% | (221,694) *** | 62.20% | (84,328) *** | |
| 1 or more | 0.00% | NA | 20.80% | (87,832) | 35.80% | (123,417) *** | 37.80% | (51,239) *** | |
| Clinical Variables | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | % | (no.) | |
| ESRD | 1.80% | (260,810) *** | 2.10% | (8940) | 6.30% | (21,703) *** | 5.00% | (6814) *** | |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 36.70% | (5,351,947) *** | 39.50% | (166,536) | 53.00% | (182,910) *** | 57.60% | (78,103) *** | |
| Pulmonary Fibrosis or HTN | 7.10% | (1,030,957) *** | 5.50% | (23,231) | 9.00% | (31,198) *** | 9.40% | (12,677) *** | |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 2.60% | (379,804) *** | 2.50% | (10,525) | 3.80% | (13,032) *** | 3.60% | (4901) *** | |
| COPD | 25.80% | (3,764,077) *** | 27.70% | (116,650) | 36.20% | (124,828) *** | 39.70% | (53,790) *** | |
| CHF | 24.40% | (3,553,556) *** | 29.70% | (125,223) | 40.70% | (140,534) *** | 48.20% | (65,366) *** | |
| Stroke/TIA | 13.50% | (1,968,280) *** | 17.90% | (75,473) | 22.30% | (77,087) *** | 28.40% | (38,437) *** | |
| Diabetes | 37.30% | (5,441,056) *** | 44.50% | (187,722) | 52.70% | (182,045) *** | 55.30% | (75,020) *** | |
| Hypertension | 76.10% | (11,107,034) *** | 79.10% | (333,506) | 84.80% | (292,744) *** | 88.70% | (120,301) *** | |
| Acute MI | 0.90% | (130,435) *** | 0.80% | (3327) | 1.50% | (5101) *** | 1.60% | (2160) *** | |
| Ischemic Heart Disease | 44.00% | (6,427,825) *** | 48.90% | (206,139) | 57.60% | (198,625) *** | 64.40% | (87,267) *** | |
| Asthma | 16.20% | (2,360,423) *** | 17.50% | (73,567) | 19.60% | (67,752) *** | 18.70% | (25,301) *** | |
| Chemotherapy | 9.10% | (1,321,542) *** | 11.30% | (47,845) | 14.40% | (49,598) *** | 13.60% | (18,494) *** | |
| Obesity | 15.10% | (2,200,797) *** | 16.30% | (68,926) | 16.70% | (57,706) *** | 11.90% | (16,076) *** | |
| Morbid Obesity | 8.70% | (1,264,568) *** | 9.80% | (41,133) | 13.90% | (48,083) *** | 9.60% | (13,013) *** | |
† Asterisks shown in this column indicate p values for the differences between individuals who have not been diagnosed with Covid-19 and confirmed Covid-19 cases in the Salus Medicare cohort. ‡ Covid-19 outpatients are defined are individuals who did not require hospitalization for the disease and remained alive at least 30 days after diagnosis. Covid-19 cases who either did not die or were not hospitalized for the disease but who had no claims more than 30 days after their Covid-19 diagnosis are not shown in this table. ¶ Covid-19 hospitalized cases are those requiring inpatient admission for management of their disease. Asterisks shown in this column indicate the p values for differences between this group and the Covid-19 outpatient group. # Covid-19 deaths are deaths attributed to Covid-19 based on the timing of death in relation to the date of diagnosis. Asterisks shown in this column indicate the p values for differences between Covid-19 cases who died from the disease and those who survived. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 by Chi Square test. ✦✦✦ p < 0.001 by Mann-Whitney test.