Table 2.

Some important physicochemical characterizations of the nanopesticides synthesized by host–guest supramolecular chemistry.

Techniques	Information on The Physicochemical Properties Obtained
Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD)	Crystallinity, basal spacing, the intercalation of the host into the guest, the plausible spatial orientation of the guest in the interlamellar of the host
UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–vis)/High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)	Pesticide loading and loading efficiency of the guest, kinetic release of the pesticide from the nanopesticides
Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTG)	Thermal degradation behavior of the nanopesticides
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)	Chemical bonds or functional groups formed between the host and the guest
Surface Area Analyzer	Surface area and pore-size distribution of porous nanopesticides
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)	Particles’ size and the distribution of the nanopesticides
Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM)	Surface morphology of the nanopesticides and their distribution
High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM)	The internal structure of the nanopesticides and their distribution
Direct Injection Mass Spectroscopy (DIMS)	To confirm the presence of the guest in the interlamellar of the LH or the LDH hosts.
Others	Techniques such as X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), Raman Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, (AFM), Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy (SAXS/SANS), etc., are also used to support that the guest is intercalated into the host for the formation of host–guest nanomaterial.