Table 1.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis for ESBL E. coli, MDR E. coli strain prevalence and E. coli antimicrobial susceptibility (only significant ORs, and their 95% confidence interval, are reported in the table).
| Outcome | Explanatory Variable | Level | OR * | 95 % Confidence Interval | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower Limit | Upper Limit | ||||||
| ESBL strains | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref a | - | - | - | |
| Organic | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.37 | <0.001 | |||
| AF | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.76 | 0.009 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | 2.72 | 1.23 | 6.02 | 0.01 | |||
| MDR strains | Type of rearing | Conventional | - | - | - | ||
| Organic | - | - | - | 0.17 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.76 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.85 | |||
| Tigecycline | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | 3.59 | 1.3 | 9.93 | 0.01 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.13 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.15 | |||
| Colistin | Type of rearing | Conventional 1 | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | - | - | - | 1.00 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 1.00 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 1.00 | |||
| Meropenem | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | - | - | - | 1.00 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.98 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.61 | |||
| Cefotaxime | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | 0.39 | 0.18 | 0.83 | 0.01 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.09 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.55 | |||
| Ceftaxidime | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.83 | 0.02 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.44 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.85 | |||
| Ampicillin | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | - | - | - | 0.14 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.16 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.60 | |||
| Nalidixic acid | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | - | - | - | ||||
| AF | 2.32 | 1.07 | 5.07 | 0.03 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.48 | |||
| Ciprofloxacin | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.97 | 0.04 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.06 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.17 | |||
| Tetracycline | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | - | - | - | 0.07 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.23 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.45 | |||
| Azitromycin | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | 4.39 | 1.86 | 10.39 | 0.001 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.99 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.05 | |||
| Gentamicin | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | 2.34 | 1.13 | 4.85 | 0.02 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.13 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.89 | |||
| Sulfamethoxazole | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | - | - | - | 0.2 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.24 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.94 | |||
| Chloramphenicol | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | 0.42 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.03 | |||
| AF | 0.3 | 0.14 | 0.64 | 0.002 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.22 | |||
| Trimethoprim | Type of rearing | Conventional | ref | - | - | - | |
| Organic | - | - | - | 0.38 | |||
| AF | - | - | - | 0.85 | |||
| Site of sampling | Farm | ref | - | - | - | ||
| Slaughterhouse | - | - | - | 0.36 | |||
* Odds ratio. Only the significant values are reported. a Reference category. p ≤ 0.05.