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. 2021 Oct 22;9(11):1519. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9111519

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The S1P effect on human peritoneal macrophages (MΦ). Peritoneal MΦ were stimulated with S1P (125 nM) for 8 h. Total RNA was extracted from the cells and subjected to real-time PCR to determine the mRNA levels of CD163 (a), IL-6 (b), and COX-2 (c). Data were normalized by GAPDH mRNA levels to show the relative abundance. The supernatant of peritoneal MΦ stimulated with S1P (125 nM, 24 h) was subjected for measurement of IL-6 protein by ELISA. VPC23019, an antagonist of S1P receptor (S1PR)-1 and S1PR-3, was used to antagonize the S1P effect (d). Data from 3 different experiments are shown as the mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05 (vs. control); **, p < 0.01 (vs. control); N.S., not significant, cont., control.