Table 1.

Oxidative stress biomarkers in clinical studies on preterm newborns.

Diseases	Biomarkers	Population	Biological Specimen	References
Preterm PROM	IsoPs	16 pregnant women	Amniotic fluid	[21]
IUGR	IsoPs	37 pregnant women	Amniotic fluid	[22]
Hypoxia	Hx, TH, AOPP	34 hypoxic preterms	Cord blood, venous blood sample	[10]
	Hx, Xa, UA, TH, AOPP	39 hypoxic preterms	Cord blood, venous blood sample	[62]
RDS	MDA, protein carbonyl, 8-OHdG, low TAS	16 RDS preterms	Cord blood	[64]
	Protein carbonyl, ox/antiox ratio	37 RDS preterms	Venous blood sample	[65]
	MDA, H2O2, low CAT and SOD	31 RDS preterms	Venous blood sample	[66]
	AOPP, MDA, 8-OHdG, low TAC	40 RDS preterms	Venous blood sample	[67]
BPD	Protein carbonyl	61 BPD preterms	Tracheal aspiration	[70]
	MDA	10 BPD preterms	Epithelial lining fluid	[72]
	8-OHdG	60 BPD preterms	Urine	[73]
	8-OHdG	26 BPD preterms	Venous blood sample, tracheal aspiration	[74]
NEC	TOS, OSI	41 NEC preterms	Venous blood sample	[76]
	AOPP, TH, NPBI	29 NEC preterms	Cord blood	[77]
PDA pre-therapy	IsoPs	43 hsPDA preterms	Urine	[81]
	TOS, OSI	37 hsPDA preterms	Venous blood sample	[83]
	Low SOD, catalase, 8-isoPGF2α, TAS,	53 hsPDA preterms	Urine, venous blood sample	[84]
	IsoPs	60 hsPDA preterms	Urine	[85]
IVH	TH, AOPP, NPBI,	33 IVH preterms	Cord blood	[44]
	IsoPs	44 IVH preterms	Cord blood, venous blood sample	[93]
PHVD	NPBI	20 PHVD preterms	Cerebrospinal fluid	[87]
Poor neurodevelopmental outcomes	NPBI	384 preterms	Cord blood	[31]
	IsoPs	121 preterms	Venous blood sample	[88]
ROP	TOS, MDA	18 preterms	Venous blood sample	[95]
	GSH/GSSG	8 ROP preterms	Cord blood, venous blood sample	[96]
	8-OHdG, MDA	25 ROP preterms	Venous blood sample, urine	[97]

Abbreviations: 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products, BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia, GSH/GSSG: glutathione/glutathione disulfide, hsPDA: hemodynamically significant PDA, Hx: hypoxanthine, 8-isoPGF2α: iso-prostaglandin F2, IsoPs: isoprostanes, IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction, IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage, MDA: malondialdehyde, NEC: necrotizing enterocolitis, NPBI: non protein-bound iron, OSI: oxidative stress index, PDA: patent ductus arteriosus, PHVD: post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation, PROM: premature rupture of membranes, RDS: respiratory distress syndrome, ROP: retinopathy of prematurity, SOD: superoxide dismutase, TAC: total antioxidant capacity, TAS: total antioxidant, TOS: total antioxidant status, TH: total hydroperoxide, UA: uric acid, Xa: xanthine.