Table 2.

Bioactive compounds from deep-sea fungi.

Marine Organism	Compounds	Activity/Experimental Model	Depth/Site	Concentrations	Ref.
Aspergillus fischeri FS452	Fiscpropionates A and C	Inhibitory activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein-tyrosine phosphatase B	3000 m Indian Ocean	IC50 = 5.1 and 4 μM, respectively	[46]
Emericella sp. SCSIO05240	Emerixanthones A and C	Antibacterial activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E.faecalis, A. Baumanni, A. hydrophila	3258 m South China Sea	Diameters of inhibition zones were 4–6 mm	[47]
Emericella sp. SCSIO05240	Emerixanthone D	Antifungal activity against Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusariumoxy sporium f. sp. niveum, Fusariumoxy sporium f. sp. cucumeris	3258 m South China Sea	Diameters of inhibition zones were 3–4 mm	[47]
Penicillium aculeatum SD-321	Compound 1 (peniciaculin A) Compounds 2 (peniciaculin B) and 4 (1-hydroxyboivinianin A) Compound 6 (bisabolane)	Antibacterial activity against: Micrococcus luteus and Vibrio alginolyticus Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio harveyi Staphyloccocus aureus and Vibrio parahemolyticus	2038 m South China Sea	MIC = 1.0 and 2.0 μg/mL, respectively MIC = 8.0 and 4.0 μg/mL, respectively MIC = 0.5 μg/mL	[48]
Penicillium aculeatum SD-321	Compound 1 (peniciaculin A) Compounds 7 and 10 (bisabolanes)	Antifungal activity against: Alternaria brassicae Gaeumannomyces graminis	2038 m South China Sea	MIC = 0.5 μg/mL MIC = 0.5 μg/mL	[48]
Penicillium sp. F23-2	Penycyclones A–E	Antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus	5080 m Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China	MIC = 0.3 to 1.0 μg/mL	[49]
Spiromastix sp. MCCC3A00308	Spiromastilactones A–M	Antiviral activity against influenza virus replication in vitro	2869 m South Atlantic	Table 3 in the reference	[50]
Simplicillium oblavatum EIODSF 020	Simplicilliumtide J, Verlamelins A and B	Antifungal activity against Aspergillus versicolor and Curvularia australiensis	4571 m East Indian Ocean	MIC = 50 μg/mL	[51]
Simplicillium oblavatum EIODSF 020	Simplicilliumtide J, Verlamelins A and B	Antiviral activity against HSV-1	4571 m East Indian Ocean	IC50 = 14.0, 16.7 and 15.6 μM/mL, respectively	[51]
Acremonium sp.	Acremeremophilanes B and E	Inhibitory effects towards LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7	2869 m South Atlantic Ocean	EC50 = 8 μM and 15 μM, respectively	[52]
Eutypella sp. MCCC3A00281	Eutyperemophilanes I and J	Inhibitory effects towards LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7	5610 m South Atlantic Ocean	IC50 = 8.6 and 13 μM	[53]
Penicillium chrysogenum SCSIO411001	Trans-epoxyamides, chrysamides C	Inhibitory effects on the Interleukin-17 production	3386 m Indian Ocean	1 μM for 40.06% of inhibition	[54]
Myrothecium sp. BZO-L062	(−)-1S-myrothecol and (+)-1R-myrothecol	Anti-inflammatory, inhibiting NO formation in LPS-treated macrophage-like cells	2130 m Yongxing Island	EC50 = 1.20 and 1.41 μg/mL	[55]
Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2	Cyclopenol and cyclopenin	Inhibited the LPS-induced formationof nitric oxide and the secretion of IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells	2439 m South China Sea	IC50 = 50–100 μM	[56]
Penicillium chrysogenum MCCC 3A00292	Cyclopenol	Inhibition of human Bladder cancer cell line BIU-87	-	IC50 = 8.34 μM	[57]
Penicillium spp. and Eurotium sp.	Fructigenine A, cyclopenol, echinulin, flavoglaucin, and viridicatol	Inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B	- Wan Island, Korea	IC50 = 10.7, 30.0, 29.4, 13.4, and 64.0 μM, respectively	[58]
Graphostroma sp. MCC3A00421	Reticulol	Decrease the rates of degranulation and histamine release in RBL-2H3 cells	2721 m Atlantic hydrotermal sulfide	IC50 =13.5 and 13.7 μM	[59]
Penicillum granulatum MCCC 3A00475	Spirograterpene A	Antiallergic activity	2284 m Prydz Bay of Antarctica	20 μg/mL	[60]
Penicillium chrysogenum SCSIO 07007	Chrysopyrones A and B	Inhibited protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) involved in diabetes mellitus	1000 m Western Atlantic	IC50 = 9.32 and 27.8 μg/mL, respectively	[61]
Engyodontium album DFFSCS021	Engyodontiumone H (Compound 8) and a polyketide (Compound 16) Compounds 8 and the polyketides compounds 15 and 16	Cytotoxic activity against human histiocitic lumphoma U937 Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis	3739 m South China Sea	IC50 = 4.9 and 8.8 μM, respectively MIC ≤ 64 μg/mL	[62]
Acrostalagmus luteoalbus SCSIO F457	Luteoalbusins A, B	Cytotoxic activity against SF-268, MCF-7, NCI-H460 and HepG2	2801 m South China Sea	IC50 from 0.23 to 1.31 μM	[63]
Aspergillus versicolor	Oxisterigmatocystin A–C	Cytotoxic activity against A549 and HL-60	800 m Pacific Ocean	Moderate low micromolar cytotoxicity	[64]
Penicillium sp. MCCC 3A00005	Brevione I	Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells and A549 cells	5115 m East Pacific	IC50 = 7.44 μM and 32.5 μM, respectively	[65]
Penicillium sp. MCCC 3A00005	Brevione A	Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells	5115 m East Pacific	IC50 = 28.4 μM	[65]
Penicillium sp. F00120	Penicilliumin A	Moderately inhibited the in vitro proliferation of mouse melanoma (B16), human melanoma (A375), and human cervical carcinoma (Hela) cell lines	1300 m South China Sea	GI50 = 27.37, 22.88, and 44.05 μg/mL, respectively	[66]
Penicillium sp. F23-2	Sorbicillamines A–E	Cytotoxic activity on HeLa, BEL-7402, HEK-293, HCT-116, and P388 cell line	5080 m Huiquan bay, yellow Sea	IC50 > 10 μM	[67]

Abbreviations: EC₅₀ for Half-maximal effective concentration; MIC for minimum inhibitory concentration; IC₅₀ for the concentration (μg/mL) inducing 50% loss of cell viability; GI₅₀ for 50% of maximal inhibition of cell proliferation; MCF7 for breast cancer cell line, SF-268 for human glioblastoma cell line, LPS for lipopolysaccharide; NO for nitric oxide; RAW 264.7 for macrophage cell line; RBL-2H3 for basophilic leukemia cell line; A549 for lung cancer cells; HeLa for cervical cancer cells; BEL-7402 for human papillomavirus-related endocervical adenocarcinoma; HEK-293 for human embryonic kidney; HCT-116 for human colon cancer cells; P388 for murine leukemia cells lines; “-“ means that there is a lack of corresponding information.