Figure 2.

Principle of 3D Bioprinting Scaffold for Vascular Tissue Formation. (A) Sacrificial bioprinting. First step in sacrificial bioprinting is to deposit the sacrificial bioink or material onto a first layer of matrix. The sacrificial material (blue) is then covered with a second layer of matrix. Both matrices may be loaded with cells. After polymerization of the hydrogel, the sacrificial material is removed by chemical degradation, photolithography, temperature, or mechanical extraction, generating a hollow channel within the hydrogel block. In the last step, endothelial cells or endothelial progenitor cells are seeded into the hollow channel. (B) Droplet-based bioprinting. (C) Light- (Laser-)based bioprinting.