Table 2.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Main Polymers.

Polymer	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Collagen	non-immunogenic rapid gelation	lack of good mechanical properties low cell adhesion	[56]
Fibrinogen	inherent cell-adhesion capabilities		[67]
Gelatin	high water absorption excellent biocompatibility excellent biodegradability non-immunogenic modifiable thermoresponsive properties	low printing resolution (>100 µm) shape fidelity	[61,62]
Matrigel	Promote vascularization		[71]
Alginate	diffusion of soluble molecules short polymerization time shear-thinning properties	low cell viability low cell attachment	[65,80]
Agarose		high melting temperature low cell adhesion low proliferation properties	[89]
Hyaluronic Acid	cell growth Viability	high viscosity low formability	[85]
Chitosan	biocompatibility biodegradability low toxicity non-immunogenicity easily modifiable	poor mechanical properties	[91]
Cellulose	biodegradability good mechanical strength biocompatibility	difficult dissolution	[76,79]
dECM	cellular growth better than other biomaterials functions better than other biomaterials promotes native vessel-like structures prevent thrombosis and intima hyperplasia	low mechanical properties slow gelation process	[26,96,101,102]
Pluronic	high resolution of the printed construct	weak mechanical properties quick degradation rates rapid dissolution in aqueous solutions poor cell viability	[55,108,113]
PEG	hydrophilic biocompatible non-immunogenic	naturally nonbiodegradable inhibits cell attachment Inhibit cell proliferation	[110,111]