Table 3.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Main Cell Sources.

Cells	Source	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Tissue-specific primary cells	Tissue-specific stem/progenitor cells (e.g.; brain, spinal cord, heart, skin, hair follicle)	Reduced risk of rejection (autologous)	Small quantities especially medically fragile patients limited proliferation capacity difficult to obtain	[120,121]
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)	Bone marrow Peripheral blood Adipose tissue Placenta Umbilical cord	Multipotency Immunomodulatory properties, Well-characterized	Differentiation potential decreases with increasing age	[114,115,116,120]
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)	Reprogram from dermal fibroblasts or peripheral blood	Pluripotentcy, indefinite self-renewal Patient-specific	Risk of in vivo teratoma formation Streamlined differentiation protocols needed Possible genetic mutations	[117,118,122]