Table 2.
Serum and kidney variables (mean ± standard error of the mean) of oxidative and nitrosative stress of nondiabetic rats (NDR), diabetic control rats (DR), and DR treated with hydroxytyrosol (HT) 1 mg/kg/day p.o. (HT-1) or 5 mg/kg/day p.o. (HT-5). N = 10 rats per group.
| Variable | NDR | DR | p vs. NDR | HT-1 | p vs. DR | HT-5 | p vs. DR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | |||||||
| TBARS (nmol/mL) | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 8.44 ± 0.4 | 0.0001 | 6.9 ± 0.8 | 0.023 | 4.3 ± 0.3 * | 0.0001 |
| oxLDL (ng/mL) | 14.6 ± 1.6 | 24.4 ± 0.7 | 0.0001 | 21.5 ± 1.7 | n.s. | 13.3 ± 0.5 * | 0.0001 |
| 8-OHdG (ng/mL) | 16.1 ± 0.2 | 26.3 ± 0.8 | 0.0001 | 19.6 ± 1.7 | 0.010 | 15.4 ± 0.7 | 0.0001 |
| GHS (nmol/mL) | 127 ± 3.9 | 91.3 ± 3.9 | 0.0001 | 109 ± 5.7 | 0.030 | 117 ± 7.8 | 0.02 |
| GSHpx (nmol/min/mL) | 7.8 ± 0.6 | 19.0 ± 1.8 | 0.0001 | 11.3 ± 1.3 | 0.005 | 11.6 ± 1.7 | 0.02 |
| TAC (U/mL) | 17.9 ± 0.3 | 13.2 ± 0.4 | 0.0001 | 16.6 ± 0.3 | 0.001 | 16.6 ± 0.7 | 0.01 |
| 3-nitrotyrosine (pg/mL) | 1.5 ± 0.05 | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 0.0001 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 0.0001 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 0.0001 |
| Kidney | |||||||
| TBARS (nmol/mg protein) | 35.7 ± 3.4 | 135 ± 14.2 | 0.001 | 61.0 ± 4.4 | 0.002 | 44.9 ± 1.8 | 0.002 |
| 8-OHdG (ng/0.1 g tissue) | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 12.6 ± 0.3 | 0.0001 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 0.0001 | 8.2 ± 0.3 | 0.0001 |
| GHS (µmol/0.1 g tissue) | 475 ± 12.8 | 150 ± 10.1 | 0.0001 | 289 ± 25.1 | 0.002 | 365 ± 20.5 | 0.0001 |
| GSHpx (nmol/min/0.1 g tissue) | 91.4 ± 3.4 | 65.0 ± 3.1 | 0.0001 | 56.4 ± 4.3 | n.s. | 63.9 ± 3.2 | n.s. |
| TAC (U/0.1 g tissue) | 87.2 ± 3.0 | 40.2 ± 7.6 | 0.001 | 58.5 ± 7.0 | n.s. | 70.1 ± 15.1 | n.s. |
| 3-nitrotyrosine (pg/0.1 g tissue) | 20.7 ± 0.7 | 117 ± 6.1 | 0.0001 | 81.6 ± 12.0 | 0.032 | 41.6 ± 7.6 * | 0.001 |
n.s. = no significant differences. * p < 0.05 with respect to HT-1. 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSHpx: glutathione peroxidase activity; oxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.