Table 4.
Primer sequences and PCR conditions used for the amplification of tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes.
| Authors | Genes Searched | Primers | PCR Amplification Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aslam et al. [45] | tetA | F: GGCGGTCTTCTTCATCATGC R: CGGCAGGCAGAGCAAGTAGA |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 15 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 63 °C for 1 min, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 10 min. |
| tetB | F: CGCCCAGTGCTGTTGTTGTC R: CGCGTTGAGAAGCTGAGGTG |
||
| tetC | F: GCTGTAGGCATAGGCTTGGT R: GCCGGAAGCGAGAAGAATCA |
||
| sul1 | F: CGGCGTGGGCTACCTGAACG R: GCCGATCGCGTGAAGTTCCG |
Initial denaturation at 95 °C for 15 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 1 min, annealing at 66 °C for 1 min, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 10 min. | |
| sul2 | F: CGGCATCGTCAACATAACCT R: TGTGCGGATGAAGTCAGCTC |
||
| sul3 | F: CAACGGAAGTGGGCGTTGTGGA R: GCTGCACCAATTCGCTGAACG |
||
| Dahshan et al. [46] | tetA | F: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCTTC R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGAGG |
Annealing temperature: 64 °C |
| tetB | F: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG |
||
| tetG | F: GCTCGGTGGTATCTCTGCTC R: AGCAACAGAATCGGGAACAC |
Annealing temperature: 59 °C | |
| sul1 | F: TCGGATCAGACGTCGTGG R: CCAGCCTGCAGTCCGCCT |
Annealing temperature: 60 °C | |
| Deng et al. [38] | tetA | F: CTCAGTATTCCAAGCCTTTG R: ACTCCCCTGAGCTTGAGGGG |
30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 60 °C for 45 s, and extension at 72 °C for 90 s, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 5 min. |
| tetB | F: CTAATCTAGACATCATTAATTCC R: TTTGAAGCTAAATCTTCTTTAT |
||
| tetG | F: AGTTTCAGGTGCGCAGC R: CCAATCGCCATGACTAAT |
||
| sul1 | F: CATCATTTTCGGCATCGTC R: TCTTGCGGTTTCTTTCAGC |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 50 s, annealing at 54 °C for 50 s, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 10 min. | |
| sul2 | F: AGATGTGATTGATTTGGGAGC R: TAGTTGTTTCTGGATTAGAGCCT |
||
| sul3 | F: CTTCGATGAGAGCCGGCGGC R: GCAAGGCGGAAACCCGCGCC |
||
| Dessie et al. [27] | tetA | F: GTAATTCTGAGCACTGTCGC R: CTGCCTGGACAACATTGCTT |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 4 min, followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 43 °C for 2 min, and extension at 72 °C for 3 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 7 min. |
| tetB | F: CTCAGTATTCCAAGCCTTTG R: ACTCCCCTGAGCTTGAGGGG |
||
| tetC | F: CCTCTTGCGGGATATCGTCC R: GGTTGAAGGCTCTCAAGGGC |
||
| tetD | F: GGATATCTCACCGCATCTGC R: CATCCATCCGGAAGTGATAGC |
||
| tetE | F: AAACCACATCCTCCATACGC R: AAATAGGCCACAACCGTCAG |
||
| sul1 | F: CTTCGATGAGAGCCGGCGGC R: GCAAGGCGGAAACCCGCGCC |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 15 s, annealing at 69 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 7 min. | |
| sul2 | F: CGGCATCGTCAACATAACC R: GTGTGCGGATGAAGTCAG |
||
| El-Sharkawy et al. [47] | tetA | F: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCTTC R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGAGG |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 55 °C for 2 min, and extension at 72 °C for 90 s. |
| tetB | F: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG |
Same conditions, with the specific annealing temperature: 53 °C | |
| tetC | F: CTTGAGAGCCTTCAACCCAG R: ATGGTCGTCATCTACCTGCC |
Same conditions, with the specific annealing temperature: 56 °C | |
| sul1 | F: TCACCGAGGACTCCTTCTTC R: AATATCGGGATAGAGCGCAG |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, specific annealing temperature at 60 °C, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 7 min. | |
| sul2 | F: CGGTCCGGCATCCAGCAATCC R: CGAGAGCCACGACCGCGCC |
Same conditions, with the specific annealing temperature: 64 °C | |
| sul3 | F: GAGCAAGATTTTTGGAATCG R: CATCTGCAGCTAACCTAGGGCTTGGA |
Same conditions, with the specific annealing temperature: 51 °C | |
| Hsu et al. [48] | tetA | F: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCTTC R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGAGG |
Annealing temperature: 55 °C |
| tetB | F: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG |
||
| sul1 | F: TCGGATCAGACGTCGTGG R: CCAGCCTGCAGTCCGCCT |
Annealing temperature: 60 °C | |
| Igbinosa [44] | tetC | F: GGTTGAAGGCTCTCAAGGGC R: GGTTGAAGGCTCTCAAGGGC |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 65 °C for 1 min, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 10 min. |
| Iwu et al. [39] | tetA | F: GGCCTCAATTTCCTGACG R: AAGCAGGATGTAGCCTGTGC |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 55 °C for 1 min, and extension at 72 °C for 1.5-min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 5 min. |
| Khoshbakht et al. [49] | tetA | F: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCTTC R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGAGG |
Annealing temperature: 50 °C |
| tetB | F: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG |
||
| tetC | F: CTTGAGAGCCTTCAACCCAG R: ATGGTCGTCATCTACCTGCC |
Annealing temperature: 49 °C | |
| tetG | F: GCTCGGTGGTATCTCTGCTC R: AGCAACAGAATCGGGAACAC |
||
| Kozak et al. [50] | sul1 | F: CGGCGTGGGCTACCTGAACG R: GCCGATCGCGTGAAGTTCCG |
Initial denaturation at 95 °C for 15 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 1 min, annealing at 66 °C for 1 min, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 10 min. |
| sul2 | F: CGGCATCGTCAACATAACCT R: TGTGCGGATGAAGTCAGCTC |
||
| sul3 | F: CAACGGAAGTGGGCGTTGTGGA R: GCTGCACCAATTCGCTGAACG |
||
| Lapierre et al. [51] | tetA | F: GGTTCACTCGAACGACGTCA R: CTGTCCGACAAGTTGCATGA |
Annealing temperature: 52 °C |
| tetB | F: CTGGATTACTTATTGCTGGC R: CACCTTGCTGATGACTCTT |
||
| tetG | F: CCGGTCTTATGGGTGCTCTA R: GACTGGCTTCGTTCTTCTGG |
Annealing temperature: 56 °C | |
| Lopes et al. [52] | tetA | F: GTAATTCTGAGCACTGT R: CCTGGACAACATTGCTT |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 4 min, followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 43 °C for 2 min, and extension at 72 °C for 3 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 7 min. |
| tetB | F: ACGTTACTCGATGCCAT R: AGCACTTGTCTCCTGTT |
||
| tetG | F: CTGCTGATCGTGGGTCT R: TTGCGAATGGTCTGCGT |
||
| sul1 | F: ATGGTGACGGTGTTCGGCATTCTGA R: CTAGGCATGATCTAACCCTCGGTCT |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 2 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 51 °C for 1 min, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 7 min. | |
| sul2 | F: ACAGTTTCTCCGATGGAGGCC R: CTCGTGTGTGCGGATGAAGTC |
Same conditions, with the specific annealing temperature of 64 °C | |
| sul3 | F: GAGCAAGATTTTTGGAATCG R: CATCTGCAGCTAACCTAGGGCTTTGGA |
Same conditions, with the specific annealing temperature of 51 °C | |
| Maka et al. [7] | sul1 | F: CGGCGTGGGCTACCTGAACG R: GCCGATCGCGTGAAGTTCCG |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 68 °C for 25 s, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 10 min. |
| sul2 | F: GCGCTCAAGGCAGATGGCAT R: GCGTTTGATACCGGCACCCGT |
||
| sul3 | F: CAGATAAGGCAATTGAGCATGCTCTGC R: AGAATGATTTCCGTGACACTGCAATCATT |
||
| Marquéz et al. [53] | tetA | F: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCTTC R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGAGG |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 55 °C for 1 min, and extension at 72 °C for 1-5 min. |
| tetB | F: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG |
||
| tetC | F: CTTGAGAGCCTTCAACCCAG R: ATGGTCGTCATCTACCTGCC |
||
| tetD | F: AAACCATTACGGCATTCTGC R: GACCGGATACACCATCCATC |
||
| tetE | F: AAACCACATCCTCCATACGC R: AAATAGGCCACAACCGTCAG |
||
| tetG | F: GCTCGGTGGTATCTCTGCTC R: AGCAACAGAATCGGGAACAC |
||
| sul1 | F: CTTCGATGAGAGCCGGCGGC R: GCAAGGCGGAAACCCGCGCC |
Annealing temperature: 65 °C for 30 s | |
| Mthembu et al. [54] | tetA | F: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCTTC R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGAGG |
Initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 52 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 8 min. |
| tetC | F: CTTGAGAGCCTTCAACCCAG R: ATGGTCGTCATCTACCTGCC |
Same conditions, with the specific annealing temperature: 42 °C | |
| sul2 | F: CGGCATCGTCAACATAACC R: GTGTGCGGATGAAGTCAG |
Same conditions, with the specific annealing temperature: 60 °C | |
| Sadiq et al. [40] | tetA | F: GGTTCACTCGAACGACGTCA R: CTGTCCGACAAGTTGCATGA |
Initial denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 61.1 °C for 30 s, and extension at 68 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 68 °C for 5 min. |
| tetB | F: CCTCAGCTTCTCAACGCGTG R: GCACCTTGCTGATGACTCT |
||
| Soyer et al. [55] | tetA | F: GCGCCTTTCCTTTGGGTTCT R: CCACCCGTTCCACGTTGTTA |
|
| tetB | F: CCCAGTGCTGTTGTTGTCAT R: CCACCACCAGCCAATAAAAT |
||
| tetG | F: AGCAGGTCGCTGGACACTAT R: CGCGGTGTTCCACTGAAAAC |
Initial denaturation at 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 32 to 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 1 min, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 7 min. | |
| sul1 | F: TCACCGAGGACTCCTTCTTC R: CAGTCCGCCTCAGCAATATC |
||
| sul2 | F: CCTGTTTCGTCCGACACAGA R: GAAGCGCAGCCGCAATTCAT |
||
| Tajbakhsh et al. [56] | tetA | F: GTAATTCTGAGCACTGTCGC R: CTGCCTGGACAACATTGCTT |
Annealing temperature: 58 °C |
| tetB | F: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG |
Annealing temperature: 60 °C | |
| tetC | F: ATGGTCGTCATCTACCTGCC R: GGTTGAAGGCTCTCAAGGGC |
Annealing temperature: 53 °C | |
| tetD | F: AAACCATTACGGCATTCTGC R: GACCGGATACACCATCCATC |
Annealing temperature: 60 °C | |
| tetG | F: CAGCTTTCGGATTCTACGG R: GATTGGTGAGGCTCGTTAGC |
||
| Thai et al. [57] | tetA | F: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCT R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGA |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, the corresponding temperature of each primer pair for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 5 min. |
| tetB | F: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG |
||
| tetG | F: GCTCGGTGGTATCTCTGC R: AGCAACAGAATCGGGAAC |
||
| sul1 | F: CTTCGATGAGAGCCGGCGGC R: GCAAGGCGGAAACCCGCGCC |
||
| Vital et al. [41] | tetA | F: GTGAAACCCAACATACCCC R: GAAGGCAAGCAGGATGTAG |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 50º C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 10 min. |
| tetB | F: CCTTATCATGCCAGTCTTGC R: ACTGCCGTTTTTTCGCC |
||
| tetC | F: ACTTGGAGCCACTATCGAC R: CTACAATCCATGCCAACCC |
||
| Vuthy et al. [58] | tetA | F: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCTTC R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGAGG |
Annealing temperature: 58 °C |
| tetB | F: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG |
||
| sul1 | F: GTGACGGTGTTCGGCATTCT R: TTTACAGGAAGGCCAACGGT |
||
| sul2 | F: GGCAGATGTGATCGACCTCG R: ATGCCGGGATCAAGGACAAG |
||
| Xu et al. [10] | sul1 | F: CTAAACATACAAATACACATTTCA R: TGAAGTTCCGCCGCAAGGCTCG |
Initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 58º C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 15 s, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 8 min. Initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 63º C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 90 s, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 5 min. |
| sul2 | F: TACTTAAACATACAAACTTACTCA R: TGCCAAACTCGTCGTTATGC |
||
| sul3 | F: ATCTCAATTACAATAACACACAAA R: CGGGTATGGGCTTCTTTTTAG |
||
| sul4 | F: TACTACTTCTATAACTCACTTAAA R: CGGACCTATTAAGATGGGAAA |
||
| Zhu et al. [43] |
tetA
tetB |
F: GTAATTCTGAGCACTGTCGC R: GAGACGCAATCGAATTCGG F: GAGACGCAATCGAATTCGG R: TTTAGTGGCTATTCTTCCTGCC |
Initial denaturation at 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 45 s, annealing at 55-70º C for 50 s, and extension at 72 °C for 50 s, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 10 min. |
| tetC | F: CTTGAGAGCCTTCAACCCAG R: ATGGTCGTCATCTACCTGCC |
||
| tetG | F: GCTCGGTGGTATCTCTGCTC R: AGCAACAGAATCGGGAACAC |
||
| sul1 | F: CTTCGATGAGAGCCGGCGGC R: GCAAGGCGGAAACCCGCGCC |
||
| sul2 | F: GCGCTCAAGGCAGATGGCATT R: GCGTTTGATACCGGCACCCGT |
||
| sul3 | F: AGATGTGATTGATTTGGGAGC R: TAGTTGTTTCTGGATTAGAGCCT |
||
| Zhu et al. [59] | tetA | F: TCGCTTGCCGCATTT R: CGCGTATAGCTTGCCG |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55º C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 6 min. |
| tetB | F: GACACTCTATCATTGAT R: GACAATATTTAGCAACG |
||
| sul1 | F: TGCAGGCTGGTGGTGGTTA R: CGCGTGGGTGCGGACGT |
||
| sul2 | F: CATTCCCGTCTCGCTCGA R: GCGCGCAGAAAGGATTT |
||
| Zishiri et al. [42] | tetA | F: GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCTT R: CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGAGG |
Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 25 s, annealing at 55º C for 50 s, and extension at 72 °C for 50 s, with an additional extension at 72 °C for 5 min. |
| tetB | F: TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG R: GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG |
||
| sul1 | F: GCGCGGCGTGGGCTACCT R: GATTTCCGCGACACCGAGACAA |
Same conditions, with the specific annealing temperature at 65 °C. | |
| sul2 | F: CGGCATCGTCAACATAACC R: GTGTGCGGATGAAGTCAG |