Table 1.
Identified ATGs genes in yeast, mammals, and plants.
| Yeast | Mammalian | Plants | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATG1 | ULK1, ULK2 | AtATG1a-1c,1t, OsATG1a-1d | Protein kinase; functions in the induction of autophagy | [24,25,26] |
| ATG13/APG13 | ATG13 | AtATG13a-13b, OsATG13a-13c | Phosphorylated by TORC1; forms complex with ATG1 to function in the induction of autophagy | [25,26,27] |
| ATG17 | FIP200 | Not identified | Essential for both stability and phosphorylation of ULK1 | [25,28] |
| ATG29 | Not identified | Not identified | Function in induction and regulation of autophagy | [25,29] |
| ATG31 | Not identified | Not identified | Function in induction and regulation of autophagy | [30] |
| ATG9/APG9/AUT9/CVT7 | ATG9A, ATG9B | AtATG9a, OsATG9a-9b | Membrane protein; deliver membrane to the forming autophagosome | [31,32] |
| ATG2 | AtATG2a, OsATG2a | Atg18-interacting protein; function in autophagosome formation | [32,33] | |
| ATG18/AUT10/CVT18 | WIPI-1, 2, 3, 4 | AtATG18a-18h, OsATG18a-18f | PI(3)P-binding protein; involved in the formation of autophagosome | [32,33,34] |
| ATG27 | Not identified | Not identified | Protein required for autophagy-dependent cycling of Atg9 | [35] |
| ATG6/VPS30/APG6 | BECN1 | AtATG6a, OsATG6a | Beclin1 (the core subunits), bcl2-interacting protein; functions in nucleation | [36,37,38] |
| ATG14 | ATG14 | AtATG14a-14b | Enhancer of autophagosome formation; function in nucleation | [37,39,40] |
| ATG12/APG12 | ATG12 | AtATG12a-12b | Ubiquitin-like, conjugates to Atg5; function in autophagosome membrane expansion | [41,42] |
| ATG5/APG5 | ATG5 | AtATG5a | Ubiquitin-like ligase, conjugated by Atg12 | [42,43] |
| ATG16 | ATG16L1 | AtATG16L | interacts with Atg5; stimulate ATG8–PE conjugation reaction | [44,45] |
| ATG7/APG7 | ATG7 | AtATG7a, OsATG7 | E1-like enzyme for Atg12 and Atg8/LC3 conjugation | [41,46] |
| ATG10/APG10 | ATG10 | AtATG10a | E2-like enzyme covalently conjugates Atg12 to ATG5 | [41,47,48] |
| ATG8/APG8/AUT7 | MPA1LC3B/LC3B | AtATG8a-8i, OsATG8a-8e | Ubiquitin-like conjugates to PE | [41,49,50] |
| ATG3/APG3 | ATG3/APG3 | AtATG3 | Function as E2-like enzyme for Atg12 and Atg8/LC3 conjugation | [51,52] |
| ATG4/APG4/AUT2 | ATG4A-D | AtATG4a-4b | Cytosolic cysteine protease for processing and recycling of Atg8/LC3 | [32,53] |