Figure 2.

NF-κB and MAPK network. The five bioactive compounds detailed in this review show a range of immunomodulatory activities on these two pathways. The major effect of these compounds is seen for MAPK, JNK, p38, ERK, and NF-κB. The bioactive compounds are shown as coloured circles and are indicated alongside their respective molecular targets (Blue: Apigenin, Yellow: Quercetin, Orange: Oleanolic acid, Green: Betulinic acid, Grey: β-Sitosterol). The bold red arrows indicate the downregulation of respective pathways. The entities of bold square boxes represent different signaling molecules/complexes. The entities of dotted square boxes represent different receptors for signaling pathways. The entities of circle boxes represent the inducers/activators of the particular pathways. → represents direct activation.