Table 2.

A summary comparison of testosterone-replacement therapy (TRT), metformin, caloric restriction, and bariatric surgery impact on obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypogonadism, and oxidative stress.

Management Strategy	Obesity	Metabolic Syndrome	Diabetes	Hypo-gonadism	Oxidative Stress
TRT	Improves [86,87]	Improves [88,89]	Improves [88,89]	Improves [85]	Unclear
Metformin	Improves [102,103]	Improves [102,103]	Improves [102,103]	Unclear	Improves [102,103]
Caloric restriction	Improves [74,132,133]	Improves [74,132,133]	Improves [74,132,133]	Unclear	Improves [129,130]
Bariatric surgery	Improves [138,139,140,141]	Improves [138,139,140,141]	Improves [138,139,140,141]	Improves [138]	Improves [146,147]