Table 1.
Analytical performances of DA biosensors.
| Graphene Functionalization | LOD (μM) |
Biological Samples | Interference Compound | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3D RGO-PU | 1.0 × 10−6 | (h) urine, serum | AA, UA, Glu, CA, 4-NP, Trp, Tyr, GSH | [30] |
| PFSG/GCE | 0.0008 | (h) serum | AA, UA | [31] |
| ZnO NWAs/GF | 0.001 | (PD) serum | AA, UA | [32] |
| NiAl LDH/G LBL | 0.002 | SH-SY 5Y cells | AA, UA | [33] |
| Au NPs-CNT-G-pMet-SPCE | 0.0029 | (h) urine | UA | [7] |
| AgNCs/AgNPs/GO | 0.00353 | brain homogenate of PD mice | GSH | [34] |
| GR/GLN | 0.0045 | (h) urine, serum | AA, UA, Glu | [35] |
| Fe3O4/rGO/GCE | 0.005 | (h) urine | UA, CA, Glu, AA, NaCl, AP | [36] |
| Fe3O4@GNs/Nafion/GCE | 0.00713 | (h) urine, plasma | AA, UA | [37] |
| graphene-MoS2/GCE | 0.007 | (b) serum | AA, UA, CA, Glu, cysteine, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl− | [38] |
| Fe3O4-SnO2-G/CPE | 0.0071 | (h) urine, serum | AA, UA | [39] |
| RGO/Mn-TPP/GCE | 0.008 | (h) serum | AA, UA | [40] |
| Ag NPs/GO/P(Arg)/GCE | 0.01 | (h) urine | U, CA, Glu, Na+, K+, L-lysine, L-cysteine | [41] |
| TiN-RGO/GCE | 0.012 | (h) urine | AA, UA, Glu, LA | [42] |
| PA/GO/GCE | 0.016 | (h) urine | AA, UA | [43] |
| GNCs/CMG/GCE | 0.02 | (h) serum | AA | [44] |
| Au–Pt/GO–ERGO | 0.0207 | (h) serum | AA, 5-HT, UA, AP, EP, NEP, CA, Glu, H2O2, NaCl, KCl, KNO3, Na2SO4, ZnCl2, CaCl2, (b) serum albumin, immunoglobulin | [45] |
| α-Fe2O3@erGO/GCE | 0.024 | (h) serum | AA, UA, Glu, U, H2O2, NaCl, KCl | [46] |
| CNDs-RGO/GCE | 0.03 | (h) serum | UA | [47] |
| Au-ZnO NCAs/GF | 0.04 | (h) urine | UA | [48] |
| Pt/rGO/MEA | 0.05 | (r) CPU | AA, UA, Glu, U, 5-HT, DOPAC | [49] |
| rGO–Cu2O/GCE | 0.05 | (h) urine, blood | AA, UA | [50] |
| PANI/Fe2O3-SnO2/rGO/PFSG/GCE | 0.076 | (a) urine | UA | [27] |
| PTPCNs/GCE | 0.078 | DA injection and urine | UA | [51] |
| ERGO/PLL/GCE | 0.10 | (h) urine | AA, UA | [52] |
| 3D-NG | 0.26 | (h) urine | AA, UA, AP | [53] |
| GO/Au NPs | 0.29 | (a) urine | UA, AA | [20] |
| AG-NA/GCE | 0.33 | (h) urine | AP | [54] |
| GO-BAMB-Co(OH)2 | 0.4 | (h) urine | AA, 5-HT | [55] |
| Pd-GR/nano-CILE | 0.5 | (h) urine, serum | UA | [56] |
| 3D HGB/ITO | 1.0 * | (h) plasma | UA | [57] |
| Pdop@GR/MWCNTs | 1.0 | (h) urine, serum | AA, UA | [58] |
| RGO–ZnO/GCE | 1.08 | (h) urine, plasma | AA, UA | [59] |
| Au/RGO/GCE | 1.4 | (r) serum | AA, UA, CA, NaCl, KCl, NaNO3, CaCl2, Glu, cysteine | [60] |
| mp-GR/GCE | 1.5 | (h) serum | UA | [61] |
* levodopa: 3D HGB/ITO—3-dimentional hollow graphene balls using nickel nanoparticles/the indium tin oxide glass electrode; 3D-NG—three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene; 3D RGO-PU—3D-reduced graphene oxide/polyurethane; 4-NP—4-nitrophenol; 5-HT—serotonin; α-Fe2O3@erGO—magnetic hematite-decorated electrochemically reduced graphene oxide; (a)—artificial; AA—ascorbic acid; AG-NA—activated graphene-Nafion; AgNCs/AgNPs/GO—Ag44(SR)30 nanoclusters (AgNCs) with 5-mercapto-2-nitrobenzoic acid (MNBA)/silver nanoparticles/graphene oxide; Ag NPs/GO/P(Arg)—silver nanoparticles/graphene oxide/poly(L-arginine); AP—acetaminophen; Au NPs-CNT-G-pMet—gold nanoparticles-carbon nanotube-graphene-poly(L-methionine); Au–Pt/GO–ERGO—Au–Pt bimetallic nano-clusters/graphene oxide electrochemically reduced; Au/RGO—gold nanoplates/reduced graphene oxide; Au-ZnO NCAs—gold nanoparticles-Zinc oxide nanocone arrays; (b)—bovine; CNDs-rGO—carbon nitride dots-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites; CA—citric acid; CPU—the caudate putamen; DOPAC—3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; EP—epinephrine; ERGO/PLL—electrodeposited reduced graphene oxide/polymerization of L-lysine; Fe3O4@GNs/Nafion—Nafion covered core–shell structured Fe3O4@graphene nanospheres; Fe3O4/rGO—iron oxide/graphene oxide; Fe3O4-SnO2-Gr/CPE —iron oxide/tin oxide/carbon paste electrode; GCE—glassy carbon electrode; GF—graphene foam electrode; Glu—glucose; GNCs/CMG—gold nanocages/chemically modified graphene oxide; GO-BAMB-Co(OH)2—graphene oxide -1,4-bis(aminomethyl)benzene and cobalt hydroxide; GONRs—graphene oxide nanoribbons; graphene-MoS2—graphene and molybdenum disulfide hybrids; GR/GLN—graphite sheets assisted with gelatine; GSH—reduced glutathione; (h)—human; LA—lactic acid; LOD—limit of detection; mp-GR—multi-nanopore graphene; NEP—norepinephrine; NiAl LDH/G LBL—positively charged NiAl layered double hydroxides nanosheets/negatively charged monolayers of graphene layer by layer; PANI—polyaniline; PA/GO—phytic acid/graphene oxide; PD—Parkinson’s disease patients; Pd-GR/nano-CILE—palladium-doped graphene/nano-carbon ionic liquid electrode; Pdop@GR/MWCNTs—polydopamine/graphene/multiwalled carbon nanotubes; PFSG—poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)-functionalized three-dimensional graphene; Pt/rGO MEA—platinum nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide/microelectrode array; PTPCNs—porous tal palm carbon nanosheet; (r)—rat; rGO–Cu2O—copper (I) oxide nanostructure decorated reduced graphene oxide; RGO/Mn-TPP—reduced graphene oxide/manganese tetraphenylporphyrin; RGO–ZnO—reduced graphene oxide-zinc oxide; SPCE—screen-printed carbon electrode; TiN-RGO—reduced graphene oxide and titanium nitride, Trp—Tryptophan; Tyr—Tyrosine; U—urea; UA—uric acid; ZnO NWA—ZnO nanowire arrays.