Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Total |
| No. of subjects | 158,495 |
| Age, y | 52.3 ± 8.8 |
| Male sex | 96,601 (60.9) |
| Earning levels | |
| Fifth quintile (highest) | 62,850 (39.7) |
| Fourth quintile | 32,287 (20.4) |
| Third quintile | 21,813 (13.8) |
| Second quintile | 19,780 (12.5) |
| First quintile (lowest) | 21,522 (13.6) |
| Covered by medical aid | 243 (0.2) |
| Consumption of alcohol | 74,670 (47.1) |
| Status of smoking | |
| None | 103,180 (65.1) |
| Former smoker | 15,850 (10.0) |
| Current smoker | 39,511 (24.9) |
| Physical activity | 15,375 (9.7) |
| Anthropometric measurements | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.9 ± 2.9 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 126.2 ± 17.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 79.2 ± 11.1 |
| Comorbidities | |
| Hypertension | 61,767 (39.0) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 13,894 (8.8) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 25,145 (15.9) |
| History of malignancy | 12,423 (7.8) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 647 (0.4) |
| Heart failure | 1834 (1.2) |
| Laboratory findings | |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.126 ± 0.938 |
| Fasting blood glucose level, mmol/L | 5.367 ± 1.576 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 26.0 ± 16.0 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 25.4 ± 20.0 |
| Gamma glutamyl transferase, U/L | 38.0 ± 52.5 |
| Oral health status | |
| Periodontal disease | 21,109 (13.3) |
| Tooth loss | |
| 0 | 120,656 (76.1) |
| 1–7 | 33,877 (21.4) |
| 8–14 | 2352 (1.5) |
| 15–21 | 765 (0.5) |
| ≥22 | 845 (0.5) |
| Oral hygiene care | |
| Dental clinic visit | 67,306 (42.5) |
| Tooth brushing frequency (times/day) | |
| 0–1 | 23,314 (14.7) |
| 2 | 70,710 (44.6) |
| ≥3 | 64,471 (40.7) |
| Professional scaling | 38,059 (24.0) |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD, or n (%).