Table 3.
Forerunners in clinical trials: possible candidates for future.
| S. No. | Vaccines | Country of Origin | Trial Phase | Types | Potential Promises |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vidprevtyn | USA | III | Recombinant protein with adjuvant |
Interim phase II result reported 95–100% seroconversion, 3rd phase trial started in May 2021 |
| 2 | CVnCoV (CureVac) | Germany and Belgium |
IIb/III | Non-chemically modified mRNA (CBnCOV) | Protection against B.1.951 variant in mice, 48% efficacy in phase IIb/III trial |
| 3 | BCG vaccine (repurposing) |
Australia, The Netherlands |
II/III | Live attenuated virus | Reduced COVID-19 related clinical symptoms, not impressive enough for confirmatory decision |
| 4 | NVX-CoV2373 | Australia | III | Protein nanoparticles | About 90% efficacy reported in various trials, approval sought in Australia, USA, Canada, Europe |
| 5 | ARCoV | China | III | mRNA (encoding receptor binding domain) lipid nanoparticles |
Phase III trial on the way |
| 6 | Unnamed (Medicago) |
Canada | III | Virus like particle along with plant based adjuvants | High antibody titers with tolerable safety profile |
| 7 | VLA2001 | UK | III | Inactivated vaccine | Safe, well tolerated as per phase I/II trial reports in April 2021 |
| 8 | Corbevax | India | III | Protein subunit with CpG1018 as adjuvant | Very positive results from phase I/II, 3rd phase announced on April 2021 |
| 9 | Nanocovax | Vietnam | III | Glycosylated recombinant S protein | Displayed in vitro neutralizing activity, in phase II, all non-placebo recipients developed antibodies |
| 10 | BNT162 | USA | I/II/III | mRNA vaccine | BNT162b2 already approved by WHO, BNT162b1 displayed similar efficacy with altered adverse reaction profile |
| 11 | INO-4800 | USA | II/III | Intradermal DNA vaccine (plasmid) | Phase II portion declared INO-4800 as safe and well tolerated in May 2021 |
| 12 | Unnamed (Immunity Bio, Culver City, CA, USA) |
USA | II/III | Adenovirus based vaccine targeting S protein and nucleocapsid DNA |
Reported CD4+ and CD8+ antigen specific T cell response in mice, no serious adverse events reported in human receiving low dose |
| 13 | UB612 | Taiwan | II/III | Multitope peptide vaccine | Well tolerated, CD4+/CD8+ T cell response |
| 14 | GRAd-COV2 | Italy | II/III | Defective gorilla adenovirus encoding prefusion stabilized full length S protein of SARS-CoV-2 | Reported as safe and well tolerated in phase I on November 2020 |
| 15 | SCB-2019 | China | II/III | Protein subunit with adjuvants | Adjuvant optimized for formulation, robust cellular and humoral immune response reported along with strong neutralizing activity |
| 16 | Unnamed (West Bank Biopharma) | China | III | Recombinant vaccine (Sf9 cells) targeting receptor binding domain using Baculovirus vector |
3rd Phase trial is enrolling by invitation |
| 17 | V-01 | China | III | Recombinant fusion protein | Induces immune response, good safety profile in phase 2 trial |
| 18 | Razi Cov Pars | Iran | III | Recombinant S protein | Phase III trial started after potential promise shown in earlier phases |
| 19 | GBP510 | Korea | III | Nanoparticles (key regions of viral S protein) | Phase III trial approved based on immune response and safety profile in earlier phases |