Table 2.

Summary of clinical trials using MSCs for liver disease.

Clinical Trials
	Patients	Dose /Frequency	Administration Route	Outcome	Ref
Therapeutic effects	MSC injection
	11 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis	5 × 107 MSCs Two times	Hepatic artery	Decrease of MELD and Child-Pugh score Downregulation of collagen accumulation	[28]
	55 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis	5 × 107 MSCs One or two times	Hepatic artery	Decrease of Child-Pugh score Decrease of ALP Downregulation of collagen accumulation	[123]
	45 patients with HBV liver cirrhosis	0.5 × 106 MSCs/kg Three times	Peripheral vein	Increase of serum albumin Decrease of total bilirubin Decrease of MELD Na score Downregulation of serum laminin	[124]
	43 patients with HBV-induced acute-on-chronic liver failure	0.5 × 106 MSCs/kg Three times	Peripheral vein	Increase of serum albumin, cholinesterase Decrease of total bilirubin and ALT Increase of survival rate Decrease of MELD score	[125]
	39 patients with HBV liver cirrhosis	Unknown	Hepatic artery	Increase of serum albumin Decrease of total bilirubin Decrease of MELD score Ameliorating imbalance of Treg/Th17 cells	[119]
	4 patients with liver cirrhosis	3.3 or 6.6 × 105 MSCs/kg One time	Hepatic artery	Increase of serum albumin Elevating immunomodulatory factors	[126]
	Administration of hepatocyte-like differentiated MSCs
	25 patients with HCV liver cirrhosis	1 × 106 cells/kg One time	Peripheral vein	Increase of serum albumin Decrease of serum creatinine, total bilirubin Decrease of MELD score	[127]
	8 patients with end-stage of liver disease	3–5 × 107 cells One time	Peripheral vein	Decrease of serum creatinine Decrease of MELD score	[128]
	40 patients with HCV-induced end-stage liver disease	2 × 107 cells One time	Intrasplenic or intrahepatic	Increase of serum albumin Decrease MELD and Child-Pugh score	[129]
No effect	27 patients with liver cirrhosis	1.2–2.95 × 108 MSCs One time	Peripheral vein	No changes in serum albumin, ALT and MELD scores	[120]
	25 patients with liver cirrhosis	1 × 106 MSCs/kg One time	Peripheral vein	No change in serum ALT, ALP, total bilirubin MELD, and Child-Pugh scores	[130]

MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Treg, regulatory T cells; Th17, T helper 17; IL, interleukin.