Figure 1.

(A–F) Carcinogen-induced ROS production was reduced by pre-exposure of BEAS-2B cells with tested antioxidants. Experimental values presented as mean ± SD of n = 3 independent experiments by one-way analysis of variance performed with Tukey’s pairwise comparison. The sign “a,b,c,d,e,f, and g” refers to statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05). All the treatment groups were compared with the DMSO control. Means that share the same letter are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05. Pre-exposure to vitamins, AF4, Q, Q3G, AOX1 with or without AF4, Q, or Q3G significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced ROS levels in BEAS-2B cells compared to NNKOAc-exposed cells. Abbreviations: AA: Ascorbic acid, AF4: apple peel flavonoid fraction 4, AOX1: antioxidant formulation, BC: β-carotene, FA: folic acid, LA: α-lipoic acid, MTX: methotrexate, NAC: N-acetyl cysteine, NNKOAC: 4-[(Acetoxymethyl)nitrosamino]-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, Q: quercetin, Q3G: Q-3-O-d-glucoside (Q3G).