| TGF-β | Transforming growth factor β |
| OPG | Osteoprotegerin |
| PD-L1 | Programmed cell death ligand -1 |
| IGF | Insulin-like growth factor |
| TNFs | Tumor necrosis factors |
| ILs | Interleukins |
| RANKL | Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand |
| IL-1 | Interleukin-1 |
| MMP | Matrix metalloproteinases |
| GDF | Growth differentiation factor |
| ALKs | Activin-receptor like kinases |
| MAP | Mitogen-activated protein |
| JNK | c-Jun amino-terminal kinase |
| TRAF6 | TNF receptor-associated factor 6 |
| ZEB | Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox |
| DAP12 | DNAX activating protein 12 kDA |
| CBP | CREB-binding protein |
| FoxH1 | Forkhead box protein H1 |
| Lef1 | Lymphoid enhancer factor 1 |
| CAR | Chimeric antigen receptor |
| PMEPA1 | Prostate transmembrane protein androgen induced 1 |
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