Table 2.
Suggested biological functions of selected plasma exosomal RNAs.
| RNA | Known Biological Functions | Tissue | Suggested Biological Functions | Exosome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-142-3p | Tumor suppressor [20] | ↓(CC) [21] | Tumor suppressor | ↓ |
| ARL6IP5 | Tumor suppressor (https://bioinfo.uth.edu/TSGene/ accessed on 1 September 2021) | ↓(STT) [22] | Tumor suppressor | ↓ |
| CXCL5 | Recruits and activates granulocytes and promotes angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis in the tumor microenvironment [23] | ↑(CC) [24,25] | Tumors with exosome-derived CXCL5 use it to facilitate their progression through infiltration of leukocytes in the tumor microenvironment | ↓ |
| KIF2A | Required for cell mitosis [26] | ↑(CC) [27] | Rapid mitosis of cancer cells may promote the absorption of KIF2A from exosomes | ↓ |
| RGS18 | Negative regulator of G protein-coupled receptors and controls platelet activation and production [28,29] | ↑(OC) [30] | Tumors may absorb RGS18 present in exosomes, which can promote thrombogenesis. The reduction of exosomal RGS18 by tumors may promote activated platelets around the primary tumor, which can facilitate tumor growth and invasion. Therefore, dysregulation of RGS18 can result in tumorigenesis through persistent platelet activation | ↓ |
| DAPP1 | Activation of antigen-specific T cells [31] | NA | This may contribute to tumorigenesis through deficiency of tumor-specific immunity | ↓ |
| LINC00989 | Decreases with RGS18 in tumor-educated platelets [32] | ↓(PaC) [32] | The two lncRNAs may facilitate platelet activation in cancer patients via targeting RGS18 | ↓ |
| LOC105374768 | NA | NA | ↓ | |
| SNORD17 | The derived RNA positively correlates with CD8 T cell infiltration in thymoma and stomach cancer [33] | ↑(COC) [34] | Promotion of these snoRNAs present in exosomes may be related to cancer related-lymphopenia |
↑ |
| SCARNA12 | NA | ↑(LC) [35] | ↑ | |
| SNORA6 | The derived RNA negatively correlates with CD8 T cell infiltration in LGG, PC, pancreatic cancer, and HNC [33] | ↑(PC) [36] | ↑ | |
| SNORA12 | NA | ↓(CC) [37] ↑(LC) [35] |
↑ | |
| SCARNA1 | NA | ↑(LC) [35] | ↑ | |
| SNORD97 | NA | ↓(CC) [37] | Promotion of these snoRNAs present in exosomes may be related to decreased lymphocyte activity | ↑ |
| SNORD62 | NA | NA | ↑ | |
| SNORD38A | The derived RNA negatively correlates with CD8 T cell infiltration in HNC, LC, TGCT, and PCPG [33] | ↑(COC) [34] | ↑ |
CC—cervical cancer; STT—soft tissue tumor; OC—ovarian cancer; PaC—Pan cancer; COC—colon cancer; LC—lung cancer; LGG—low grade glioma; PC—prostate cancer; HNC—head and neck cancer; TGCT—testicular germ cell tumor; PCPG—pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas; SNORD38A includes URS00003640C3 or URS000067EB9D.