Table 1.

Associations between immune microenvironment and molecular features/prognosis in pediatric brain tumors.

Entity	Immunological Profile/Immune Population	Associated Molecular Features	Prognosis	Sample Cohort	Study
pLGG, pHGG	Hot (IS-I): more pLGGs, no DIPGs.	BRAF mutation (69.6%)	MS 1: 29.8y/>18y	384 from CBTTC/111 from ICGC	[61]
	Altered (IS-II): transitional stage.	SVIL mutation (55.5%)	MS 1: 19.2y/13.3y
	Cold (IS-III): large fractions of pHGGs, DIPGs.	CACNA1A mutation (74.2%)	MS 1: 14.5y/1.99y
	Monocytic lineage expression ↑		Improved OS 2	113	[62]
pHGG	Monocytes ↑	MAPK mutation		143	[21]
	NK cells ↑	G34/WT-C	Poor OS 2: 3.0
	B cells ↓	WT-A	Poor OS 2: 4.3
	CD8 T cells ↑	hypermutator tumors (MMRD 4; POLE/POLD1 mutations); BRAFV600E or NF1		113	[67]
Gr.4-MB	Monocytes ↑			408	[21]
SHH-MB 3	Tregs ↑		Poor OS 2: HR 1.7
Gr.3-MB	CD8 T cells ↑; B cells ↑; Tregs ↓	MYC amplification	Poor OS 2: HR 3.3
SHH-MB	AIF1 expression (MAC/MG 5) ↑		Improved OS 2	172	[66]
	B cells ↑		Improved OS 2	35	[21]
ATRT	CD68+ MAC/MG 5 ↑		Poor OS 2: HR 11.9	34	[18]
	CD4/8 T cells ↑	PBRM1 ↑	Improved OS 2	33	[68]
	CD163+ macrophages ↑	PBRM1 ↑	Poor OS 2

¹ Median survival; ² overall survival; ³ infant; ⁴ mismatch repair deficiency; ⁵ macrophages/microglia. ↑: High cell number/expression, ↓: Low cell number/expression