Table 1.

PD-associated genes from GWAS and their connection with autophagy (except SNCA, LRKK2, PINK1 and PRKN).

Gene Name	Description	Reference
GBA	Loss of GBA function impairs autophagy via PPP2/PP2A inactivation. PD-associated mutation L444P heterozygote impairs autophagy, mitochondria priming and autophagy-lysosome degradation.	[214,215]
VPS13C	Deletion of VPS13C is correlated with impaired mitochondrial morphology and upregulate PINK1-PRKN-dependent mitophagy, but the study does not show the connection between PD-associated mutations with mitophagy.	[216]
VPS35	VPS35D620N causes autosomal-dominant Parkinson disease. VPS35D620N has a reduced affinity for WASH and impairs ATG9A trafficking and localization, thus compromising autophagosome formation.	[217]
	VPS35D620N impairs endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of LAMP2A and accelerates LAMP2A degradation, thus inhibiting SNCA degradation through CMA.	[218]
	VPS35D620N hampers PINK1 and PRKN recruitment to mitochondria thus impairing mitophagy.	[219]
PARK7	PARK7 knockdown impairs autophagy and the SNCA uptake and degradation in microglia.	[220]
	PARK7 deficiency downregulates HSPA8 expression level and accelerates the degradation of LAMP2A, inhibiting SNCA degradation through CMA.	[221]
	Park7 may function in mitophagy because it is important for proper mitochondria function and Park7 upregulation can rescue the phenotype in pink1 mutant Drosophila.	[222]
SREBF1	SREBF1 knockdown inhibits PRKN translocation to mitochondria, thus inhibiting mitophagy.	[223]
FBXO7	FBXO7T22M inhibits its interaction with PRKN and impairs PRKN translocation to mitochondria.	[224]
	FBXO7R378G mutation impairs ubiquitination of MFN1.
	FBXO7R498X truncation inhibits PRKN recruitment to mitochondria.
	T22M, R378G and R498X mutations aggravate aggregation of FBXO7 in mitochondria, which may inhibit mitophagy.	[225]
TMEM175	TMEM175 deficiency leads to the impaired autophagosome degradation in the lysosome.	[226]
	TMEM175M393T shows similar autophagosome clearance phenotype as a knockout.	[227]