Table 3.
Quality assessment of the included studies based on the NOS.
| Study (Author, Year) | Study Design | NOS Tool | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total | Risk of Bias | |||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (1) | (1) | (2) | (3) | ||||
| Aran et al., 1981 [77] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆★ | ☆ | ★ | ☆ | 2 | ● |
| Arts et al., 2015 [82] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 | ○ |
| Arts et al., 2016 [51] | Cohort | ★ | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 | ○ |
| Cazals et al., 1978 [75] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 3 | ● |
| Cazals et al., 1984 [78] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 3 | ● |
| Chang et al., 2012 [83] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 | ○ |
| Daneshi et al., 2005 [56] | Cohort | ★ | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 | ○ |
| Dauman et al., 1993 [57] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 6 | ◐ |
| Di Nardo et al., 2009 [58] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 | ○ |
| Graham et al., 1977 [74] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ★ | ☆ | 1 | ● |
| Hazell et al., 1993 [76] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ★★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 5 | ◐ |
| House et al., 1984 [73] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ★☆ | ☆ | ★ | ☆ | 2 | ● |
| Ito et al., 1994 [87] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 2 | ● |
| Kloostra et al., 2020 [72] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 | ○ |
| Konopka et al., 2001 [60] | Cohort | ★ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 6 | ◐ |
| Konopka et al., 2008 [59] | Cohort | ★ | ★ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 5 | ◐ |
| Mahmoudian et al., 2013 [62] | Cohort | ★ | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 | ○ |
| Mahmoudian et al., 2015 [61] | Cohort | ★ | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 | ○ |
| Matsushima et al., 1994 [85] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ★☆ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 4 | ◐ |
| Matsushima et al., 1996a [63] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ★★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 4 | ◐ |
| Matsushima et al., 1996b [55] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ★☆ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 4 | ◐ |
| Okusa et al., 1993 [86] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 4 | ◐ |
| Olze et al., 2018 [64] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 3 | ● |
| Péan et al., 2010 [79] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 6 | ◐ |
| Portmann et al., 1979 [80] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 3 | ● |
| Portmann et al., 1983 [81] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 2 | ● |
| Punte et al., 2013 [65] | Cohort | ★ | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 | ○ |
| Rothera et al., 1986 [66] | Cohort | ☆ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 2 | ● |
| Rubinstein et al., 2003 [67] | Cohort | ★ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 6 | ◐ |
| Watanabe et al., 1997 [68] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 3 | ● |
| Wenzel et al., 2015 [69] | Cohort | ★ | NA | ☆ | ☆ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 6 | ◐ |
| Rothholtz et al., 2009 [71] | Case report | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Zeng et al., 2011 [70] | Case report | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Carlson et al., 2020 [84] | Cohort | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
★ 1 point; ☆ 0 point; ● High risk of bias (0–3); ◐ Medium risk of bias (4–6); ○ Low risk of bias (7–9); NA: not applicable.