Table 2.

Characteristics of congenital heart patients undergoing surgery using 3D-printed models.

No	Age (Month)	Diagnoses; Indication for a 3D-Printed Model (Bold)	Previous Surgery	3D-Printed Models		New Diagnosis	Model Assistance in	Operation Performed
				Blood Volume	Hollow
1	6.5	HLHS; aortic arch obstruction	Norwood-1	Yes	Yes		Cannulation for EC circulation: method and location	Aortic arch redo; univentricular staging: BDG
2	7	HLHS; aortic arch obstruction	Norwood-1	Yes	No		Clarification of the geometry of obstruction	Aortic arch redo; univentricular staging: BDG
3	60	Tricuspid atresia, malposed great arteries, left PA hypoplasia; subaortic obstruction	Right MBTS	Yes	Yes	Origin of left mainstem coronary artery from the ascending aorta	Site of aortic opening; clarifying the location of the resection	Subaortic resection; PA plasty; univentricular staging: BDG
4	96	Tricuspid atresia, malposed great arteries; persistent pulmonary hypertension; distal aortic arch obstruction	Atrial septectomy, PAB DKS, BDG Take-down BDG to central MBTS	Yes	No	Kinking of the distal transverse aortic arch (v aortic coarctation)	Surgical approach (sternotomy vs. thoracotomy), cannulation site and arch repair	Distal transverse aortic arch repair; univentricular palliation: upsize of the central MBTS
5	9	Tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic pulmonary annulus; uncertain coronary anatomy	Left-sided MBTS	Only virtual 3D model created		Single left coronary artery: RCA from LAD	Need for RV-PA conduit	Biventricular complete repair with RV-PA conduit; PA-plasty
6	16	Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve syndrome; obstruction of the left mainstem coronary artery	Fallot-repair; implantation of biological pulmonary prosthesis	Only virtual 3D model created		Cause and location of left coronary artery obstruction	Cause and location of left coronary artery obstruction	Biventricular, Lecompte maneuver: placement of the dilated right PA in front of the aorta
7	19	Pulmonary atresia, VSD, MAPCAs; complex spatial relationship of MAPCAs	Central MBTS	Yes	No	Clarification of spatial relationship of MAPCAs	Surgical strategy of unifocalization	Biventricular staging: unifocalization, RV-PA conduit
8	15	Mesocardia, bilateral SVCs, common atrium and iAVD; cor triatriatum sinistrum	Atrial baffle patch; iAVD repair	Only virtual 3D model created			Anatomical landmarks for the left atrial resection	Biventricular repair: cor triatriatum repair
9	8	Dextrocardia, visceral heterotaxy, DORV/TGA; left pulmonary branch hypoplasia	Left-sided MBTS PDA stent	Yes	Yes	Left atrial appendage crossing the pulmonary trunk	Geometry of intracardiac pathway and pulmonary trunk augmentation	Biventricular repair: REV operation, transannular patch with monocusp; extensive PA plasty
10	13	Dextrocardia, visceral heterotaxy, right atrial isomerism, left IVC, right SVC, supracardiac TAPVD, common atrium, cAVD, DORV/TGA, pulmonary atresia; clarification of complex segmental anatomy	Left-sided MBTS TAPVD-repair, BDG Left PA stenting	Yes	Yes		Surgical strategy (emulation); intracardiac pathways: size and shape of patches	Biventricular repair: TAPVD unroofing to left atrium, atrial separation patch, cAVD repair-REV, BDG takedown, RV-PA conduit
11	36	Dextrocardia, venous anomalies, common atrium; residual ASD	Atrial baffle implantation (Mustard)	No	Yes		Surgical approach (from the left side); size/shape of the atrial patch	Biventricular repair: complete atrial baffling
12	11	Dextrocardia, visceral heterotaxy, venous anomalies, common atrium, cAVD; uncertain segmental anatomy	None	No	Yes	Muscular VSD	Size/shape of the atrial patch	Biventricular repair: atrial baffling (Mustard), cAVD correction
13	8	Dextrocardia, visceral heterotaxy, venous anomalies, common atrium, iAVD, pulmonary stenosis, vascular ring; uncertain segmental anatomy	None	Yes	Yes	Muscular VSD	Size/shape of the atrial patch	Biventricular repair: atrial baffling (Mustard), iAVD repair, pulmonary valvotomy, division of vascular ring
14	36	Dextrocardia, visceral heterotaxy, bilateral SVCs, cTGA; uncertain intraatrial anatomy	Bilateral BDG	Yes	Yes		Geometry of intraatrial conduit	Univentricular staging: TCPC: intracardiac conduit, PA-plasty
15	82	Mesocardia, common atrium, criss-cross heart (supero-inferior ventricles), TGA, restrictive VSD; extent of the left ventricle thrombus and suitability for biventricular circulation	Central MBTS BDG	Yes	Yes	Inlet VSD	Left ventricle thrombus conditions, intracardiac conduit geometry; possibility of biventricular circulation	Univentricular staging: TCPC intracardiac conduit, LV thrombus removal, VSD enlargement

Abbreviations: ASD: atrial septal defect, AV: atrioventricular, BDG: bidirectional (Glenn) superior cavopulmonary anastomosis, cAVD: complete atrioventricular defect, cTGA: congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, DKS: Damus–Kaye–Stansel anastomosis, DORV: double outlet right ventricle, EC: extracorporeal circulation, HLHS: hypoplastic left-heart syndrome, iAVD: incomplete atrioventricular defect, IVC: inferior vena cava, MBTS: modified Blalock-Taussig shunt, PA: pulmonary artery, PAB: pulmonary artery banding, PDA: patent arterial duct, REV: “réparation d’étage ventriculaire”, crossing of the outflow pathways at ventricular level, RV: right ventricle, SVC: superior vena cava, TAPVD: total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, TCPC: complete cavopulmonary connection, TGA: transposition of the great arteries, VSD: ventricular septal defect.