Table 1.
Baseline demographic information, alcohol consumption patterns, and 4-HNE adduct levels across non-drinkers and habitual drinkers without and with the presence of ALDH2 polymorphism.
| Drinking Behavior | (Habitual Drinkers) (n = 193) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Drinkers (n = 56) | Habitual Drinkers (n = 193) | p-Value | ALDH2 Polymorphism (−) (n = 135) |
ALDH2 Polymorphism (+) (n = 58) | p-Value (ANOVA) | |
| Demographics/anthropometrics | ||||||
| Age, years | 51.7 ± 10.0 | 51.4 ± 10.1 | 0.649 | 52.1 ± 10.4 | 49.5 ± 9.1 | 0.25 |
| Female, % | 20 (34.5) | 29 (15.0) | 0.002 | 20 (14.8) | 9 (15.5) | 0.007 |
| Body height, cm | 164.2 ± 9.1 | 167.7 ± 7.5 | 0.004 | 167.3 ± 7.5 * | 168.6 ± 7.4 * | 0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 ± 3.5 | 25.9 ± 4.3 | 0.412 | 25.9 ± 4.5 | 25.9 ± 4.1 | 0.67 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85.6 ± 10.1 | 88.1 ± 10.2 | 0.113 | 86.78 ± 10.23 | 88.69 ± 10.30 | 0.23 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 129.7 ± 16.4 | 135.3 ± 18.4 | 0.048 | 137.1 ± 18.4 * | 130.3 ± 17.5 # | 0.008 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 79.5 ± 11.3 | 82.8 ± 11.3 | 0.052 | 84.0 ± 11.2 * | 80.4 ± 11.2 | 0.019 |
| Pulse rate, beats/min | 73.1 ± 12.9 | 72.7 ± 10.8 | 0.78 | 72.7 ± 10.6 | 72.5 ± 11.6 | 0.95 |
| CHARGE-AF score | 10.5 ± 1.1 | 10.8 ± 1.2 | 0.048 | 10.9 ± 1.1 * | 10.5 ± 1.2 | 0.013 |
| Alcohol consumption information | ||||||
| Binge drinking, % | 2 (3.6) | 60 (31.1) | <0.001 | 43 (31.9) | 17 (29.3) | <0.001 |
| Daily alcohol intake, g/day ‡ | 0 [0~0] | 14.1 [7.6~28.6] | <0.001 | 14.3 [8.3~28.6] * | 12.3 [6.3~30.7] * | <0.001 |
| Daily drinks, per day | 0 [0~0] | 1.2 [0.6~2.4] | <0.001 | 1.2 [0.7~2.4] * | 1.0 [0.5~2.6] * | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use duration, years | 0 [0~0] | 16.0 [5.0~30.0] | <0.001 | 20.0 [5.0~30.0] * | 15.0 [5.0~30.0] * | <0.001 |
| 4-HNE level, μg/mL | 34.2 ± 7.7 | 38.6 ± 9.5 | 0.002 | 36.6 ± 7.1 * | 43.3 ± 12.5 *,# | <0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-smoker, % | 43 (76.8) | 74 (38.3) | 48 (35.6) | 26 (44.8) | ||
| Active smoker, % | 6 (10.7) | 89 (46.1) | 69 (51.1) | 20 (34.5) | ||
| Prior smoker, % | 7 (12.5) | 30 (15.5) | 18 (13.3) | 12 (20.7) | ||
| Hypertension, % | 10 (17.9) | 89 (46.1) | <0.001 | 71 (52.6) | 18 (31.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 11 (19.6) | 48 (24.9) | 0.42 | 29 (21.5) | 19 (32.8) | 0.17 |
| Hyperlipidemia treatment, % | 1 (1.8) | 20 (10.4) | 0.042 | 15 (11.1) | 5 (8.6) | 0.11 |
| CAD, % | 0 (0.0) | 17 (8.8) | 0.021 | 10 (7.4) | 7 (12.1) | 0.035 |
| CVD, % | 0 (0.0) | 21 (10.9) | 0.009 | 13 (9.6) | 8 (13.8) | 0.023 |
| Biochemical data, % | ||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.26 ± 1.92 | 14.47 ± 1.45 | 0.39 | 14.45 ± 1.43 | 14.51 ± 1.50 | 0.66 |
| Fasting sugar, mg/dL | 107.2 ± 29.5 | 109.1 ± 32.2 | 0.69 | 105.6 ± 19.8 | 104.1 ± 23.7 | 0.88 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 195.2 ± 29.7 | 201.0 ± 37.7 | 0.30 | 205.2 ± 39.6 | 191.2 ± 31.2 # | 0.03 |
| HDL-c, mg/dL | 53.4 ± 14.3 | 53.0 ± 15.8 | 0.86 | 54.0 ± 15.3 | 50.9 ± 16.8 | 0.47 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 87.0 ± 18.3 | 93.4 ± 22.3 | 0.05 | 92.13 ± 21.32 | 95.11 ± 22.07 | 0.11 |
‡ Data are presented as median (IQR) with Kruskal-Wallis test results, including paired comparisons. * p < 0.05 vs. non-drinkers; # p < 0.05 vs. habitual drinkers with ALDH2 polymorphism (‒) using the ANOVA method.