Table 3.
Adjusted regression models that were used for examining the cardiac structure and novel LA mechanical parameters across non-drinkers and habitual drinkers without and with the presence of ALDH2 polymorphism.
| Non-Drinkers (n = 56) | (Habitual Drinkers) ALDH2 Polymorphism (−) (n = 135) |
(Habitual Drinkers) ALDH2 Polymorphism (+) (n = 58) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac structure and function | |||
| Septal wall thickness, cm | (Reference) | 0.22 (−0.19, 0.63) | 0.37 (−0.08, 0.82) |
| Posterior wall thickness, cm | ― | 0.01 (−0.39, 0.42) | 0.29 (−0.16, 0.74) |
| Internal diameter (diastolic), cm | ― | −0.33 (−1.59, 0.94) | 0.39 (−1.01, 1.79) |
| Mitral inflow E/A | ― | 0.10 (−0.03, 0.24) | 0.10 (−0.05, 0.24) |
| LV mass index, kg/m2 † | ― | 0.27 (−4.97, 5.52) | 3.55 (−2.27, 9.36) |
| Myocardial e’ (average), cm/sec | ― | 0.11 (−0.44, 0.65) | −0.15 (−0.75, 0.45) |
| IVRT, ms | ― | −2.5 (−8.5, 3.6) | −5.3 (−12.0, 1.4) |
| LV E/e’ | ― | 0.3 (−0.4, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.1, 1.8) |
| LA electromechanical parameters | |||
| PR interval, ms | (Reference) | 8.5 (0.7, 16.2) * | 21.2 (12.6, 29.8) *,# |
| LA volume (max), mL | ― | 2.5 (−1.7, 6.7) | 7.5 (2.8, 12.2) *,# |
| LA emptying fraction (LAEF), % | ― | 0.97 (−1.88, 3.82) | −1.15 (−4.31, 2.00) |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 † | ― | 0.9 (−1.3, 3.0) | 3.2 (0.8, 5.6) * |
| PALS, % | ― | −2.2 (−4.2, −0.4) * | −6.3 (−8.5, −4.2) *,# |
| LA reservoir function, 1/s | ― | −0.18 (−0.28, −0.09) * | −0.38 (−0.49, −0.28) *,# |
| LA conduit function, 1/s | ― | −0.001 (−0.15, 0.15) | −0.45 (−0.62, −0.28) *,# |
| LA booster pump function, 1/s | ― | −0.08 (−0.27, 0.11) | −0.49 (−0.70, −0.28) *,# |
† Model in which BMI was not included. Data are presented as original coefficient values using ordinal categorical variables (three groups considered as non-drinkers, habitual drinkers with ALDH2 polymorphism (−), and ALDH2 polymorphism (+)) with non-drinkers considered as the reference group. * p remained < 0.05 vs. non-drinker; # p remained < 0.05 vs. habitual drinkers with ALDH2 polymorphism (−) after an adjustment for clinical covariates as confounders.