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. 2021 Nov 17;11(11):1521. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11111521

Table 1.

Between-group differences in vitamin D levels and demographic, clinical, and radiological characteristics (N = 81).

Patients with Low Vitamin D (3) Patients with Normal Vitamin D
≥30 ng/mL
N = 10
p-Values
(1) + (2) vs. (3)
(1) Deficiency < 20 ng/mL N = 46 (2) Insufficiency ≥ 20 ng/mL N = 25 (1) vs. (2) vs. (3)
Age at diagnosis
Mean ± SD
37.63 ± 12.07 37.50 ± 9.82 0.9
39.56 ± 12.31 34.08 ± 10.99 0.2
Age at onset
Mean ± SD
35.01 ± 11.84 36.80 ± 9.58 0.5
37.61 ± 12.32 30.24 ± 9.37 0.04
Gender F/M 47/24 7/3 0.8
31/15 16/9 0.9
Edss at diagnosis
Mean ± SD
1.58 ± 0.85 0.85 ± 0.62 0.01
1.67 ± 0.79 1.42 ± 0.94 0.009
MRI high brain LL yes/no 32/39 3/7 0.3
20/26 12/13 0.6
MRI spinal yes/no 44/27 9/1 0.08
29/17 15/10 0.2
MRI Gd+ yes/no 35/36 5/5 0.9
23/23 12/13 0.9
Vitamin D
Mean ± SD
17.29 ± 6.25 36.11 ± 6.16 <0.0001
13.71 ± 4.15 24.15 ± 2.78 <0.0001
SDMT raw score
Mean ± SD
47.58 ± 14.74 59.7 ± 15.16 0.03
45.5 + 14.15 52.45 ±14.69 0.02
Z-score
Mean ± SD
−0.55 ± 1.26 0.47 ± 1.28 0.02
−0.67 ± 1.21 −0.26 ± 1.32 0.03
EDSSS last fu
Mean ± SD
1.62 ± 1.26 0.95 ± 0.92 0.09
1.84 ± 1.29 1.22 ± 1.12 0.03
MSSS at last fu
Mean ± SD
3.23 ± 2.22 2.35 ± 1.82 0.3
3.59 ± 2.15 2.58 ± 2.23 0.07
ARMSS at last fu
Mean ± SD
3.06 ± 2.10 1.93 ± 1.55 0.1
3.23 ± 2.07 2.74 ± 2.16 0.1

Abbreviations: ARMSS, age-related MS severity score; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; fu, follow-up; Gd+, gadolinium-enhanced lesions; LL, lesion load; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MS, multiple sclerosis; MSSS, MS severity score; SD, standard deviation; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test.