Table 2.
The effects of BPA and its analogues on the steroidogenesis in male reproductive system.
| Type of Bisphenol |
Purity (Manufacturer) |
Dose (Route) | Animal | Duration of Exposure | Findings | Author |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPA | 99% (Sigma-Aldrich) | 50 mg/kg/bw (oral gavage) |
Adult male Wistar rats | 14 days | ↓ testosterone (serum) | [80] |
| BPA | 99% (Sigma-Aldrich) | 50 µg/kg/bw (drinking water) | Adult male Wistar rats | Perinatal exposure (gestation day 9 until lactation day 20) | ↑ testosterone (blood) ↓ estradiol (blood) |
[71] |
| BPA | >99% (Sigma-Aldrich) |
2 µg/kg/bw (s.c) |
Offspring male SD rats | Perinatal exposure Day 10 of gestation until day 7 of lactation | ↑ estradiol (blood) ↓ testosterone (blood) |
[72] |
| BPA | Sigma-Aldrich | 5 or 25 mg/kg/bw (oral gavage) | Adult male Wistar rats | 40 days | ↓ testosterone (blood) ↑ estradiol (blood) |
[76] |
| BPA | MERCKS | 50 mg/kg/bw (i.p.) | Adult male SD rats | Alternate day until 21 days | ↓ testosterone (serum) ↑ estradiol (serum) |
[75] |
| BPA | Gracia chengdu chemical technology co. | 200 mg/kg (oral gavage) |
Adult male SD rats | 28 days | ↓ testosterone (blood) ↓ expression of mRNA StAR, CYP11A1, 3β-HSD, CYP17A1 (testis) |
[67] |
| BPA | Sigma-Aldrich | 200 mg/kg (oral gavage) |
Adult male SD rats | 42 days | ↓ testosterone (blood) ↓ expression of protein StAR, CYP11A1, 17β-HSD, 3β-HSD, CYP17A1 (testis) |
[65] |
| BPA | Sigma-Aldrich | 50 mg/kg/bw (oral gavage) |
Adult male Wistar rats | 30 days | ↓ testosterone, estradiol (plasma) | [64] |
| BPA | - | 25 mg/kg/bw (i.p.) | Adult male SD rats | Alternate day of 30 days | ↓ testosterone (plasma) | [66] |
| BPF | 99% (Santa Cruz Biotechnologie) |
1, 5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/bw |
Adult male SD rats | 28 days | ↓ testosterone (plasma) ↓ testosterone (testis) |
[68] |
| BPF/BPS | 99% (Santa Cruz Biotechnologie) |
5, 50, and 500 mg/kg/bw | Adult male SD rats | 28 days | BPF: ↓ testicular and plasma testosterone BPS: ↓ testicular and plasma testosterone |
[69] |
| BPF |
> 98% (J&K Scientific Ltd) |
0.1 and 1 mg/L in aquarium water | Male Zebrafish | 21 days | ↓ testosterone (homogenate) ↑ estradiol (homogenate) ↑ expression of CYP19A1b (aromatase)(Brain) ↑ expression of mRNA CYP11A, CYP19A (testis) ↓ expression of mRNA StAR, CYP17, 17βHSD (testis) |
[56] |
| BPS/BPF/ BPAF |
98% (Sigma-Aldrich) |
In vivo: 1 µm In vitro: BPAF: 0.076 µm BPA:2.8 µm BPF: 10.6 µm |
Zebrafish (embryo and larvae) | From day 1 of hdf until 7-dpf larva | BPAF, BPF, BPS: ↑ expression of mRNA CYP19A1 gene in 7-dpf (embryo) |
[59] |
| BPS | - | 1, 50 µg/kg/bw (oral gavage) | Adult male SD rats | 28 days | ↓ testicular and plasma testosterone | [70] |
| BPAF | 99% (Sigma–Aldrich) |
25 and 125 µg/L | Offspring male zebrafish (embryo) | 120 days through exposure of embryo and larva stages - |
↑ estradiol ↓ testosterone ↑ CYP19b (brain) ↑ expression of mRNA CYP19A and CYP11A1 (testis) ↓ expression of mRNA StAR and CYP17 (testis) |
[74] |
| BPF/BPS | BPF (>99%) BPS (>98%) |
BPF: 0.01–100 µM BPS: 0.01–30 µM |
MA-10 Leydig cell culture | 48 h | BPF, BPS: ↑ testosterone secretion ↑ expression of 5αRed1 |
[55] |
| BPF/BPS | - | 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 nmol/L | Mouse fetal testis assay (mFeTA) | 1–3 days | BPF, BPS (10 000 nmol/L): ↓ testosterone secretion ↓ expression of mRNA StAR, HSD3β1 and CYP17A1 |
[78] |
| BPF/BPS/ BPAF |
BPF (99%) BPS (98%) BPAF (99%) |
0.1, 1, 10, 30, 50 and 70 µM | Human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line (H295R) | - | BPF: ↑ estradiol and progesterone secretion (dose-dependent manner) ↓ expression of mRNA HSD3β2 (50 µM) and CYP17A1 (dose-dependent manner) BPS: ↓ testosterone secretion (dose-dependent manner) ↓ expression of mRNA CYP17A1 BPAF: ↓ testosterone secretion (dose-dependent manner) ↑ progesterone secretion ↓ expression of mRNA CYP17A1, HSD3β2 |
[79] |
Abbreviations: ↑ Increase; ↓ Decrease.